Human Communication: The Basic Course Twelfth Edition PowerPoint™ Presentations prepared by: Naomi Young University of California, San Diego Joseph A. DeVito Hunter College of the City University of New York

Chapter Three: The Self In Human Communication This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter Goals Learn About: Self-concept, self-awareness, and self-esteem The Process of self-disclosure The nature and workings of perception The way impressions are formed and managed Learn To: Communicate with a better understanding of who you are Regulate your self-disclosures and respond appropriately to the disclosures of others Increase your own accuracy in perceiving other people and their messages Manage the impressions you communicate to others Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3

The Self and Perception The Self in Human Communication Self-concept -who you are, how you see yourself Your feelings and thoughts about your strengths and weaknesses, your abilities and limitations The Sources of Self-Concept Others image Your interpretations and evaluations Social comparisons Cultural teachings Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Looking Glass Self Image of self that others have revealed to you Significant others Generalized others Self awareness Your knowledge of who you are Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Johari Window OPEN Self Open Known to Self Unknown to Self Known to Others Unknown to Others Note to Instructor: This slide is animated to bring each self into the window on a <<CLICK>> Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Johari Window OPEN Self BLIND Self Blind Known to Self Unknown to Self Known to Others Unknown to Others Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Johari Window OPEN Self BLIND Self UNKNOWN Self Unknown Known to Self Unknown to Self Known to Others Unknown to Others Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Johari Window OPEN Self BLIND Self UNKNOWN Self HIDDEN Self Hidden Known to Self Unknown to Self Known to Others Unknown to Others Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Johari Window OPEN Self BLIND Self UNKNOWN Self HIDDEN Self Changing images of self Open Unknown Blind Hidden Known to Self Unknown to Self Known to Others Unknown to Others Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growing in Self-Awareness Listen to others Increase your “open” self Seek information about yourself Dialogue with yourself Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Self-Esteem How valuable you think you are Attack self-destructive beliefs Seek out nourishing people Work on projects that will result in success Remind yourself of your successes Secure affirmation Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Self-Disclosure Revealing what is usually hidden Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Forms of Self-Disclosure Overt statements Slips of the tongue Unconscious nonverbal movements Public confessions Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Factors Influencing Self-Disclosure Who you are Your culture Your gender Your listeners Your topic and channel Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dyadic Effect You are more likely to disclose when the person you are with discloses Leads you to feel more secure and reinforces your own self-disclosing behavior Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Self Disclosure Guidelines for Making Self-Disclosure Motivation Appropriateness Reciprocal disclosures Consider the burdens of your disclosure Rewards of Self-Disclosure Self-Knowledge Improve coping abilities Communication enhancement More meaningful relationships Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dangers of Self-Disclosure Personal risks Relationship risks Professional risks Like all communication, self-disclosure is irreversible Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Self Disclosure Responding to Self-Disclosures Practice effective and active listening Support and reinforce Be willing to reciprocate Keep disclosures confidential Don’t use the disclosures against the person Resisting Pressure to Self-Disclose Don’t be pushed Be indirect and move to another topic Be assertive in your refusal to disclose Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Perception A way of understanding the world The process by which you make sense out of what is around you Five stage process -stimulation, organization, interpretation-evaluation, memory, recall Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Perception Process Stage 1 Stimulation Selective attention Selective exposure Stage 2 Organization By rules By schemata By scripts Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Perception Process Stage 3 Interpretation-Evaluation Process is subjective Perception evaluated based on rules, schemata, and scripts Stage 4 Memory Stored perceptions and interpretations- evaluations Not objective Stored in scripts and schemas Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Perception Process Stage 5 Recall Reconstruct what you’ve heard in a way that is meaningful to you Recall information consistent with schemas Fail to recall information inconsistent with schemas Recall information that drastically contradicts your schema, may even force you to revise schemas Self-fulfilling Prophecy Personality Theory Primacy-Recency Consistency Attribution of Control Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Personality Theory Rules tell you which characteristics go with which other characteristics “Halo Effect”—infer other positive qualities in people we believe to possess positive qualities “Reverse Halo Effect”—infer other negative qualities if we believe a person possesses negative qualities Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Make a prediction that comes true by acting on it as if it were true Make a prediction about a person or situation You act toward that person or situation as if that prediction were true Because you act as if the belief were true, it becomes true Observe your effect, reinforces your beliefs Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Primacy and Recency Primacy Effect What we hear first is most influential for general impression Recency Effect Use later information to make impressions more specific Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Attribution of Control Try to explain the reason or motivation for a person’s behavior Is it because of personality (internal)? Is it because of situation (external)? Increasing Accuracy in Impression Formation Analyze Impressions Check Perceptions Reduce Uncertainty Increase Cultural Sensitivity Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Impression Management To be Liked: Affinity-seeking and politeness strategies To be Believed: Credibility Strategies To Excuse Failure: Self- Handicapping Strategies To Secure help: Self-Deprecating Strategies To Hide Faults: Self-Monitoring Strategies To Be Followed: Influencing Strategies To Confirm Self-Image: Image Confirming Strategies Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Knowledge to Action How have your perceptions affected the way that you have communicated? Consider the last argument you had with someone. Did perception have anything to do with it? Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.