Key Concept 2.1: The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions Period 2: 600 BCE-600 CE

codification stratification The action or process The caste system in Hinduism is a religious CODE. Standards based off of occupation, birth, and endogamy. The action or process of arranging laws or rules according to a system or plan. Standardizing a system. stratification The caste system arranges groups of people in different classes. Classified by occupation, inheritance, and marriage within the class. The arrangement of something into different groups. Classifications within a system.

What value did religion offer a civilization, city-state, kingdom, Religions and belief systems provided a bond among the people and an ethical code to live by. These shared beliefs also influenced and reinforced… POLITICAL stratification Leaders used religion to advance personal agendas, such as justifying wars. Religion had a role in determining status in a society. ECONOMIC stratification Devotion to the religion and its roles had economic benefits. Likewise, dissent was not in a person’s economic interest (could be dangerous). The infrastructure of religion was more than the center of town, it was a sign of occupation. The spread of a territory was solidified by the establishment of religious dominance CULTURAL stratification Religion permeated almost every aspect of culture… language – writing family customs and traditions style – clothing, music, dance, food, art, architecture What value did religion offer a civilization, city-state, kingdom, or tribe?

Judaism Who When and Where Symbols Other names or Contextualize national IDs When and Where Contextualize Symbols Judaism codification stratifications

Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires

The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where previously there had been competing states. 600 BCE to 600 CE: Organization and Reorganization of Societies Key States and Empires for this Time Period  Persian Empire Qin and Han Empire Mauryan and Gupta Empires Mediterranean region (Phoenicia, Greek city-states, Hellenistic and Roman Empires) Mayan civilization Moche

MAP READING Work with your triad to periodize and describe the geospatial range of early key states and empires. You may use your technology and any other resources available.

Communications and movement across great distances mail royal edicts (proclamations/orders) troop movement travel and trade Can we assume the network was larger than this single “highway”?

What separates empires from civilizations? expansion of power and religion complex bureaucracies to manage it establishment of infrastructure to connect it large, multiethnic populations economic connectivity (writing, coinage, weights and measures) 250 B.C.E.

Persian Empire Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE) King Cyrus (557-530) and Darius (522-486) Ruled by the will of the great Persian God Ahura Mazda Darius referred to as the “king of kings” Administrative System satraps – governors of Persia’s 23 provinces organized local authorities Multi-ethnic population One of the issues that led to Cyrus being called “the Great” was his connection to “outside” groups. He freed the Jews from slavery in Babylon and allowed them to return to Jerusalem to build their temple.

The Greeks: 507-323 B.C.E. “Classical Greece” The Rise of Greek City-States geography prevented unity: mountainous terrain and numerous islands Mediterranean Sea: shipping grain, timber, metals trade of goods and ideas (Greek adoption of Phoenician alphabet) poleis – independent states centered in a city. (Athens & Sparta) Social: citizenship/ownership for males only with some exceptions (Sparta) Political: city-state governments varied (monarchies, aristocracies, oligarchies, merchant rule, democracy) Sparta: Military Society Soldier development boys reared from a young age to be soldiers men served until 60 y/o women greater freedom to pursue education, ownership, and exercise/compete passing on of Spartan values helots (slaves) consisted of conquered people primarily agricultural slaves oligarchy ruled by two kings closed community – outside ideas are a threat Athens: Philosophic Society Philosophy: economic connectivity promoted the sharing of ideas promotion of the arts, math, and literature Socrates: questioning the norms and getting to the core of ideas Plato: started academies and promoted written text (often about politics) Aristotle: politics, literature, ethics empiricism – observation, evidence, and logic over religion

continue - Athens: Philosophic Society Greek philosophy would set the foundations of modern thought religion, literature, art, theatre, and architecture were closely tied Olympic Games 776 BCE Greeks would gather every 4 years to compete athletically wars would stop because the Olympics created a sense of kinship. Democracy Class Warfare and Tyranny: Before 500BCE, Greece was governed by social hierarchical groups that monopolized power and supported tyrants (merchants vs. aristocrats) direct democracy – citizens elect representatives - women and slaves excluded: for Athenian women, life was hard. no education speak and move through men patriarchy – women excluded from power

Geographically: The Persian Empire enveloped the fertile crescent, Comparing the Greeks and the Persians Geographically: The Persian Empire enveloped the fertile crescent, Greece had steep, rocky mountains and thousands of islands. Population: The Persians) 50 million / The Greeks)2-3 million Culture: The Persian Empire consisted of many languages, ethnicities, and religions. The Greeks were unified in language, ethnicity, and religion. Government: The Persian Empire was centralized under a king. Greece was decentralized, each city-state having their own government. Diffusion: The Persians adopted many of the traits of the people they conquered. The Greeks moved throughout the Mediterranean bringing their culture with them.