Buffers- weak acids or bases that resist pH changes Buffers- weak acids or bases that resist pH changes *aid in keeping pH regulated in cells

CUT AND GLUE TERM & MATCHING DEFINITION IN YOUR PDN BOOK  Vocabulary activity CUT AND GLUE TERM & MATCHING DEFINITION IN YOUR PDN BOOK 

Carbon Compounds Organic chemistry- the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon (C) atoms *C has four valence e- (e- in outermost energy level) *can form four covalent bonds *can have single, double or triple bonds *C bonds with H, O, N, P and S *C can form long chains and complex molecules

Carbon Compounds

Macromolecules -giant molecules -made of many smaller molecules -formed by polymerization- large molecules are formed by joining smaller ones together monomers- smaller units polymers- larger units formed

-Monomers are joined together by dehydration synthesis -Removes a water molecule to form a polymer

Hydrolysis- water is added to separate a polymer into its monomers.

Groups of organic compounds in living things: carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins

Carbohydrates *made up of C, H and O *in a 1:2:1 ratio ex- C6H12O6 *main source of energy ex- sugars and starches (long chain of sugars) *can be stored as complex sugars

monomers = monosaccharide- single sugar molecules ex- glucose, galactose and fructose polymers = polysaccharides- larger molecule formed from many monosaccharides ex- glycogen (excess stored sugar) and cellulose (found in wood) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bXkdny-wjM

Lipids. made up of C and H and some O Lipids *made up of C and H and some O *not soluble in water (do not dissolve) *store energy and form membranes monomers = glycerol and fatty acids polymer = fats, oils and waxes

page 46 fig 2-14: LIPIDS

Saturated vs Unsaturated Fatty Acids saturated- all single bonds which leads to maximum # of H unsaturated- at least one double bond between two carbon atoms -not loaded with Hydrogen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kWI2datvFY

Nucleic acids. macromolecules containing H, O, N,C and P Nucleic acids *macromolecules containing H, O, N,C and P *store and transmit hereditary or genetic info monomers = nucleotides -consists of 5-C sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base polymer = nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QDxPV7Si6I

Proteins. contain C, N, H and O Proteins *contain C, N, H and O *have an amino group and a carboxyl group *most diverse macromolecule because of R-groups *regulates cell processes, control reaction rates, transport substances and fight disease monomers = amino acids polymer = protein

Amino Acids and Proteins general structure alanine serine https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WFWyRIb4Yo

Chemical Reactions and Enzymes chemical reaction- process that changes one set of chemicals into another -atoms are rearranged -some reactions are fast ex: something blowing up -some are slow ex: rust forming

ex: CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 reactants- elements or compounds that enter a reaction (in ex. CO2 and H2O) products- elements or compounds formed during reaction (in ex. H2CO3)

-chemical reactions involve the breaking and making of bonds -the number of each element you begin with must be the same as you end with ex: CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 reactants products C 1 1 O 3 3 H 2 2

-Energy is either released or absorbed when bonds are made or broken ex: we release energy when we metabolize our food Activation energy- energy needed to get a reaction started -If the activation energy cannot be reached there will not be a reaction

activation energy products reactants reactants activation energy products

Catalysts- substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction -lowers activation energy Enzymes- proteins that speed up reactions in cells *biological catalysts

reaction pathway without enzyme activation energy without enzyme reactants activation energy with enzyme reaction pathway with enzyme products

substrates- reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions -substrates bind with enzymes -enzymes are specific- can only bond with one type of substrate -like a lock and key

Enzymes jobs include: regulating chemical pathways making materials that cells need releasing energy 4. transferring info

enzyme glucose ADP substrates products glucose-6-phosphate ATP active site products are released substrates bind to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex substrates are converted into products