Unit 5-The Life Process of Transport Biology

I. Cell Transport Transport – Life process by which organisms absorb and circulate materials necessary for life. 1) Absorption - first stage of transport -Cells take dissolved material through cell (plasma) membrane. 2) Circulation-materials move around in cells

The Cell Membrane

I. Cell Transport Materials dissolved include: end products of digestion (nutrients), dissolved gases (O2 & CO2), and salts The Cell membrane selectively regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

I. Cell Transport Types of transport: A) Passive Transport- Movement of materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (with the concentration gradient) Types of passive transport: 1) Diffusion-movement of small molecules (Oxygen, carbon dioxide) from high to low (with the concentration gradient) 2) Osmosis-movement of water from high to low

Diffusion Osmosis

I. Cell Transport B. Active transport– carrier proteins carry particles through cell membrane. This movement is against the concentration gradient and requires energy

Active Transport

II. Human Transport 1) Blood – A complex tissue responsible for carrying essential materials throughout the body.

II. Human Transport A. Parts of the blood: 1) Plasma – made mostly of water. Dissolved salts, nutrients, gases, hormones, enzymes and metabolic wastes are also found here. 2) Red Blood Cells (RBC) – most abundant cell type in blood fluid. Disk-shaped cells lack a nucleus and cannot reproduce. Contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen.

II. Human Transport

II. Human Transport 3) White Blood Cells – key parts of your immune system. Much larger than red blood cells, but found in a very small amount

II. Human Transport 4) Platelets – important to the blood clotting process. Break in Capillary Wall Blood vessels injured. Clumping of Platelets Platelets clump at the site and release thromboplastin. Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin.. Clot Forms Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which causes a clot. The clot prevents further loss of blood..

III. The Heart A muscular pump that moves blood throughout the body. The heart contains four chambers: 2 chambers are atria, which receive blood from veins 2 chambers are ventricles which send blood out of the heart

III. The Heart Aorta Superior Vena Cava Right Ventricle Right Atrium Left Atrium Inferior Vena Cava Vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium Tricuspid Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle Pulmonary Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery Pulmonary Veins Bring oxygen-rich blood from each of the lungs to the left atrium Superior Vena Cava Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium Aorta Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body Pulmonary Arteries Bring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs Aortic Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta Mitral Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle Left Ventricle Septum

III. The Heart Pathway of Blood Through the heart Oxygen poor blood returns from the body from two veins to the right atrium The right atrium contracts forcing blood to the right ventricle The right ventricle contracts to force blood into the pulmonary artery.

III. The Heart 4. The pulmonary artery takes blood to lungs where it picks up oxygen. 5. The oxygen rich blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins. 6. Blood enters the left atrium. 7. The left atrium contracts to force blood into the left ventricle. 8. The left ventricle contracts to force blood into the aorta which carries it to the rest of the body.

IV. TRANSPORT VESSELS AND CIRCULATION

IV. TRANSPORT VESSELS AND CIRCULATION Arteries – Thick-walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

IV. TRANSPORT VESSELS AND CIRCULATION Capillaries – microscopic blood vessels that branch from the ends of the arteries. -Exchange of nutrients and wastes occurs here.

IV. TRANSPORT VESSELS AND CIRCULATION Veins – carry oxygen poor blood back to the heart. -They have valves to prevent backward flow of blood. -Skeletal muscles squeeze veins to help push blood to heart.

V. Disorders of the Human Transport System 1. Arteriosclerosis- The narrowing of the arteries in the heart caused by a build- up of plaque over a person’s lifetime. -Plaque is a combination of cholesterol, calcium and fats that build up on the interior walls of the arteries.

V. Disorders of the Human Transport System -When arteriosclerosis occurs in the coronary arteries, the heart is deprived of oxygen and nutrients. -A partial blockage can lead to Angina Pectorus (Chest Pains) -A more severe blockage can lead to a heart attack

V. Disorders of the Human Transport System 3. Hypertension- Chronic high blood pressure. -High blood pressure can damage the heart and blood vessels.

V. Disorders of the Human Transport System 4. Stroke-occurs when a blood clot forms in an artery of the brain. -A stroke blocks blood (O2 and nutrients) from flowing to specific areas of the brain. -This tissue dies and the results include partial paralysis, loss of speech, memory loss or possibly death.

V. Disorders of the Human Transport System

V. Disorders of the Human Transport System 5. Heart Attack- Occurs when the heart itself is deprived of oxygen and nutrients. The cardiac muscle is no longer able to pump blood through the body causing widespread tissue damage.

V. Disorders of the Human Transport System