©Richard L. Goldman July 2, 2002 Internet History ©Richard L. Goldman July 2, 2002

ARPA Advanced Research Project Agency Also know as DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency) 1958 U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) formed ARPA in response to Soviet launch of Sputnik and the fear of Soviet domination of space.

ARPANET Advanced Research Project Agency Network Developed to: Exchange data between research and government agencies Withstand catastrophic damage (hurricanes, nuclear strike, etc.) Interconnect different types of networks First nodes: Aug 1969 – University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Oct 1969 – Stanford Research Institute (SRI) Nov 1969 – University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) Dec 1969 – University of Utah #2 SRI #4 Utah #3 UCSB #1 UCLA

NCP Network Control Protocol 1970 – Completed the first Host-to-Host protocol used by ARPANET (called NCP) NCP was based on the new and powerful concept of packet switching.

E-mail @ 1971 – First e-mail application was written by Ray Tomlinson at BBN Technologies 1972 – Tomlinson upgraded and released user-friendly e-mail application 1973 – E-mail accounts for 75% of ARPANET traffic BBN – Bolt, Beranek and Newman; the last names of the three founders of BBN Technologies

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol 1973 Developed to replace NCP 1978 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) released 1983 TCP/IP Implemented as ARPANET standard TCP/IP architecture was first proposed by Bob Kahn at BBN and further developed by Kahn and Vinton Cerf and others at Stanford Vinton Cerf was involved in much of the development of the Internet as has been called “The father of the Internet”

UNIX version 4.2BSD UNIX is a derivation of UNICS – UNIplexed Information and Computing System (UNICS is a pun on its predecessor MULTICS - Multiplexed Information and Computing System – Unix was not originally envisioned to be a multi-tasking operating system) 1983 – The Berkley Software Distribution version of UNIX was released (UNIX 4.2BSD) 4.2BSD incorporated support for TCP/IP

DNS Domain Name System A global directory structure to resolve IP addresses to domain names 1985 – DNS started Six large domains were named: edu (education) gov (government) mil (military) com (commercial) org (organization) net (network resources).

NSFNET National Science Foundation Network 1986 – National Science Foundation created high speed Internet backbone (56Kbps)

Internet 1990 – ARPANET name is dropped and replaced with Internet.

WWW World Wide Web 1991 – WWW Released by CERN CERN (Conseil Europeen pour le Recherche Nucleaire) is an international research institute in Geneva, Switzerland Tim Berners-Lee developer

InterNIC Internet Network Information Center 1993 – InterNIC was created to provide Internet domain name registration services

Mosaic 1993 – First web browser Allowed GUI browsing of the Internet Freeware

ISOC Internet Society 1992 – Founded as the umbrella Internet organization. 1995 – Took over control from U.S. Government Non-governmental organization, made up of more than 100 organizations and thousands of individuals Its international mission to foster global cooperation and coordination on Internet technologies It serves as a global clearinghouse for Internet related information

ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers 1998 – Assumed management of domain names and addresses, DNS, and protocols Includes three supporting organizations: ASO – Address Support Organization DNSO – Domain Name Support Organization PSO – Protocol Support Organization The actual registration is of domain names is performed separate organizations (Registrars)

IP (IPv6) 2000 – Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) deployed on Internet backbone Improvement include: Increases the number if IP addresses Improved routing capabilities Network autoconfiguration Designed to coexist with IPv4

Internet History Review Date Event Significance 1958 ARPA formed Response to Soviet launch of Sputnik 1969 ARPANET created First internetwork 1970 NCP completed First host-to-host protocol 1972 E-mail app released Allowed e-mail on ARPANET 1978 IPv4 released Allowed all host to use common protocol 1983 TCP/IP as standard Required all host to use common protocol UNIX 4.2BSD released Added TCP/IP to UNIX 1984 DNS introduced Allowed name to address resolution 1986 NSFNET backbone Established high speed backbone 1990 ARPANET to Internet Name change 1991 WWW Released Allowed the use of hyperlinks 1993 InterNIC created Manages domain names Mosaic released First GUI based browser 1995 ISOC took control Privatization of Internet 1998 ICANN created Manages domains names, addresses, & DNS 2000 IPv6 on backbone Autoconfiguration & more addresses

Common Internet History Terms ARPA DARPA ARPANET DoD SRI UCSB NCP TCP IP IPv4 4.2BSD NSFNET HTTP DNS ISOC ICANN InterNIC Mosaic Ray Tomlinson Bob Kahn Vinton Cerf Tim Berners-Lee Advanced Research Project Agency Defense Advanced Research Project Agency Advanced Research Project Agency Network Department of Defense Stanford Research Institute University of California Santa Barbara Network Control Protocol Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol Internet Protocol version 4 Berkley Software Distribution version of UNIX National Science Foundation Network Hypertext Transport Protocol Domain Name System Internet Society Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Internet Network Information Center First browser E-mail TCP/IP “Father of the Internet” World Wide Web

Internet History Quiz - Dates Event Significance ARPA formed Response to Soviet launch of Sputnik ARPANET created First internetwork NCP completed First host-to-host protocol E-mail app released Allowed e-mail on ARPANET IPv4 released Allowed all host to use common protocol TCP/IP as standard Required all host to use common protocol UNIX 4.2BSD released Added TCP/IP to UNIX DNS introduced Allowed name to address resolution NSFNET backbone Established high speed backbone ARPANET to Internet Name change WWW Released Allowed the use of hyperlinks InterNIC created Manages domain names Mosaic released First GUI based browser ISOC took control Privatization of Internet ICANN created Manages domains names, addresses, & DNS IPv6 on backbone Autoconfiguration & more addresses

Internet History Quiz – Dates Answers Event Significance 1958 ARPA formed Response to Soviet launch of Sputnik 1969 ARPANET created First internetwork 1970 NCP completed First host-to-host protocol 1972 E-mail app released Allowed e-mail on ARPANET 1978 IPv4 released Allowed all host to use common protocol 1983 TCP/IP as standard Required all host to use common protocol UNIX 4.2BSD released Added TCP/IP to UNIX 1984 DNS introduced Allowed name to address resolution 1986 NSFNET backbone Established high speed backbone 1990 ARPANET to Internet Name change 1991 WWW Released Allowed the use of hyperlinks 1993 InterNIC created Manages domain names Mosaic released First GUI based browser 1995 ISOC took control Privatization of Internet 1998 ICANN created Manages domains names, addresses, & DNS 2000 IPv6 on backbone Autoconfiguration & more addresses

Internet History Quiz - Events Date Event Significance 1958 Response to Soviet launch of Sputnik 1969 First internetwork 1970 First host-to-host protocol 1972 Allowed e-mail on ARPANET 1978 Allowed all host to use common protocol 1983 Required all host to use common protocol Added TCP/IP to UNIX 1984 Allowed name to address resolution 1986 Established high speed backbone 1990 Name change 1991 Allowed the use of hyperlinks 1993 Manages domain names First GUI based browser 1995 Privatization of Internet 1998 Manages domains names, addresses, & DNS 2000 Autoconfiguration & more addresses

Internet History Quiz – Events Answers Date Event Significance 1958 ARPA formed Response to Soviet launch of Sputnik 1969 ARPANET created First internetwork 1970 NCP completed First host-to-host protocol 1972 E-mail app released Allowed e-mail on ARPANET 1978 IPv4 released Allowed all host to use common protocol 1983 TCP/IP as standard Required all host to use common protocol UNIX 4.2BSD released Added TCP/IP to UNIX 1984 DNS introduced Allowed name to address resolution 1986 NSFNET backbone Established high speed backbone 1990 ARPANET to Internet Name change 1991 WWW Released Allowed the use of hyperlinks 1993 InterNIC created Manages domain names Mosaic released First GUI based browser 1995 ISOC took control Privatization of Internet 1998 ICANN created Manages domains names, addresses, & DNS 2000 IPv6 on backbone Autoconfiguration & more addresses

Internet History Quiz - Significance Date Event Significance 1958 ARPA formed 1969 ARPANET created 1970 NCP completed 1972 E-mail app released 1978 IPv4 released 1983 TCP/IP as standard UNIX 4.2BSD released 1984 DNS introduced 1986 NSFNET backbone 1990 ARPANET to Internet 1991 WWW Released 1993 InterNIC created Mosaic released 1995 ISOC took control 1998 ICANN created 2000 IPv6 on backbone

Internet History Quiz – Significance Answers Date Event Significance 1958 ARPA formed Response to Soviet launch of Sputnik 1969 ARPANET created First internetwork 1970 NCP completed First host-to-host protocol 1972 E-mail app released Allowed e-mail on ARPANET 1978 IPv4 released Allowed all host to use common protocol 1983 TCP/IP as standard Required all host to use common protocol UNIX 4.2BSD released Added TCP/IP to UNIX 1984 DNS introduced Allowed name to address resolution 1986 NSFNET backbone Established high speed backbone 1990 ARPANET to Internet Name change 1991 WWW Released Allowed the use of hyperlinks 1993 InterNIC created Manages domain names Mosaic released First GUI based browser 1995 ISOC took control Privatization of Internet 1998 ICANN created Manages domains names, addresses, & DNS 2000 IPv6 on backbone Autoconfiguration & more addresses

Internet History Quiz – Events & Significance Date Event Significance 1958 1969 1970 1972 1978 1983 1984 1986 1990 1991 1993 1995 1998 2000

Internet History Quiz – Events & Significance Answers Date Event Significance 1958 ARPA formed Response to Soviet launch of Sputnik 1969 ARPANET created First internetwork 1970 NCP completed First host-to-host protocol 1972 E-mail app released Allowed e-mail on ARPANET 1978 IPv4 released Allowed all host to use common protocol 1983 TCP/IP as standard Required all host to use common protocol UNIX 4.2BSD released Added TCP/IP to UNIX 1984 DNS introduced Allowed name to address resolution 1986 NSFNET backbone Established high speed backbone 1990 ARPANET to Internet Name change 1991 WWW Released Allowed the use of hyperlinks 1993 InterNIC created Manages domain names Mosaic released First GUI based browser 1995 ISOC took control Privatization of Internet 1998 ICANN created Manages domains names, addresses, & DNS 2000 IPv6 on backbone Autoconfiguration & more addresses