1. Lecture 1: Facts of network technologies developments
(A historical background)

2. Computer Networks
Computer networks? A group of interconnected computers
-Represent a logical Result of the evolution of two of the most important scientific and technical branches of modern civilization – Computing and Telecommunications technologies.

3. From Batch Processing Toward Time-Sharing
Queuing Theory
1957
Centralized system based on mainframe
Multi-terminal System
Time sharing

4. The Necessity: Time and Resource Sharing
“Time sharing tried to make it possible for research institutions to use the processing power of other institutions computers when they had large calculations to do that required more power, or when someone else's facility might do the job better”

5. Networking History
Origins of Internet are hazy, visit for interesting reading
Vint Cerf: “Internet Father “

6. Related Definitions and terminologies
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. 
Packet switching is a digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data – regardless of content, type, or structure – into suitably sized blocks, called packets.
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) is one of the world's first packet switching networks, the first network to implement TCP/IP, and was the main progenitor of what was to become the global Internet. (later DARPA)

7. Related Definitions and Concepts
 ARBA network was initially funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later DARPA) within the U.S. Department of Defense for use by its projects at universities and research laboratories in the US.
The packet switching of the ARPANET, together with TCP/IP, would form the backbone of how the Internet works.

8. The ARPANET Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970.
(c) March (d) April (e) September 1972.

9. Related Definitions and Concepts
The packet switching was based on concepts and designs by:
American engineer Paul Baran,  scientist Donald Davies and Lawrence Roberts of the Lincoln Laboratory.
The TCP/IP communication protocols were developed for ARPANET by computer scientists Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf, and also incorporated some designs from Louis Pouzin.

10. Networking History ARPAnet demonstrated publicly
1961: Kleinrock - queuing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching
1964: Baran -packet-switching in military applications for survivable networks
1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency
1969: First ARPAnet node operational
Prof. Kleinrock sends a message across from UCLA to Stanford
1972:
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly
NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol
First program
ARPAnet has 15 nodes

11. Networking History...
1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii (CSMA developed), later connects to ARPANet
1973: Bob Metcalfe’s PhD thesis proposes Ethernet (CSMA/CD developed)
1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting networks: the word “Internet” makes its appearance from Cerf’s writings
Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) is a probabilistic media access control (MAC) protocol in which a node verifies the absence of other traffic before 

12. Networking History...
Time sharing became difficult since different machines had different operating systems, versions and programs. However, these led to development of Internet
Reference Models
Vinton Cerf. Bob Kahn, and (…….) developed TCP/IP
Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking principles:
simplicity, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect networks
best effort service model
stateless routers
decentralized control define today’s Internet architecture

13. Networking History... 1978: TCP/IP v4 was released
Aimed to interconnect different kinds of networks
1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
1983: deployment of TCP/IP in ARPAnet
1983: SMTP protocol defined
1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation
1985: FTP protocol defined
1988: TCP congestion control
100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks

14. Networking History... Early 1990s: WWW Hypertext
HTTP: Tim Berners-Lee develops WWW an Internet based hypermedia initiative, and specifies URLs, HTTP and HTML which became basis for today’s WWW
1994: Mosaic (Univ. of Illinois), later Netscape the major browsers until late 1990’s
late 1990’s: commercialization of the WWW, with introduction of HTTPS e- commerce is realized
Late 1990’s:
50 million computers on Internet
100 million+ users
backbone links running at 1 Gbps

15. Hosts on the Web

16. Internet Users: By language

17. Internet Content: By language

18. Questions Which appeared earlier than the other: WANs or LANs? Why?
Reference: EP pdf
Summaries this video in Arabic and English