Post-Harappan Indus Valley Civilization

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Presentation transcript:

Post-Harappan Indus Valley Civilization Enter The Aryans Post-Harappan Indus Valley Civilization SO around 1500 BC a major shift in India’s culture began REMEMBER: Civilization- eight features: 1-cities 2- well-organized central governments 3- complex religions 4- job specialization 5- social classes 6- arts and architecture 7- public works 8- writing.

Enter The Aryans 1500 B.C. -nomadic & pastoral people pass through Hindu Kush mountains -spoke Indo-European language -called themselves “Aryans” or “noble people” -migrations took place over several centuries Approximately 1500 B.C a nomadic and pastoral people who spoke the Indo-European language passed through the Hindu Kush mountains They called themselves “Aryans” or “noble people” migrations took place over several centuries

Aryan Influence on Harappan Society -arrival not an invasion or organized military campaign -established small herding & agricultural communities -probably clashed with Dravidians Dravidians = descendants of Indus Valley peoples -later, Dravidian and Indo-European peoples intermarried ➙ formed new culture By the time Aryans entered India, internal problems had already brought Harappan society to the point of collapse Dravidian & Indo-Europeans = laid social and cultural foundations that influenced Indian society even to present day

Aryan Migrations in India Aryans spread east & south; established communities throughout subcontinent learned to make iron tools cleared forests and established agricultural communities using axes and plows As the Aryans settled India, they gave up their nomadic lifestyle, and they begin to farm. The introduction of iron played a role in this change. Iron probably came to the Aryans from Southwest Asia. The creation of the iron plow, along with the use of irrigation (bringing water to a dry area, often for crops), allowed farmers to clear the dense jungle growth along the Ganges River and turn it into rich farmland.

Aryan Influence on Harappan Society Aryans survived on pastoral economy -sheep, goats prized horses and cattle cattle would become sacred centuries later

Government Aryans probably did not have a formal government at first formed chiefdoms with a leader known as a raja (Sanskrit term for king) kingdoms often at war with each other

Modes of Expression: Written Language ∞ early Aryans had no written language ∞ 1000 B.C.: started writing in Sanskrit, an Indo-European language ∞ created written records of legends, religious rituals Like most nomadic peoples, early Aryans had no written language created written records of the legends and religious rituals that had been passed down orally from earlier generations earliest of the works passed down through oral tradition = the Vedas collections of hymns, songs, prayers, rituals honoring various gods of the Aryans   These early writings are known as the Vedas. They reveal that between 1500 B.C. and 400 B.C. India was made up of many small kingdoms. These small states were created by leaders called rajas (princes). The kingdoms were often at war with one another as alliances shifted between them.

Religion: The Vedas Early Sanskrit writings = The Vedas The Vedas form roots of Hinduism - most ancient Hindu religious texts Polytheistic; reincarnation

Society ∞ life centered on family ∞ 3 generations living together = ideal ∞ patriarchal society Life in ancient India centered on the family. The ideal was an extended family that had three generations, including grandparents, parents, and children, living in the same home. PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY: oldest male held legal authority over entire family unit

Patriarchal Society Males only: -could inherit property -could be educated -could be priests Arranged marriages Divorce forbidden -men could take 2nd wife is 1st wife unable to have children Superiority of males in ancient Indian society was evident in a number of ways: Males only: -could inherit property -could be educated -could be priests Upper-class families: young men began education with a guru (teacher). Then study in one of major cities not supposed to marry until they completed 12 years of study Divorce was usually not allowed, but husbands could take a second wife if the first was unable to have children

Children and Women Children: -expected to take care of parents -parents supported daughters until marriage Women: -subordinate to men -suttee Suttee: dead placed on heaps of material called pyres; pyres then set on fire suttee required a wife to throw herself on her dead husband’s funeral pyre not following the ritual resulted in a wife’s disgrace

Society: The Caste System Originally based on color: Aryans =“wheat-colored” Dravidians = darker skinned Four Main castes: Priests (brahmins) Warriors & aristocrats Cultivators, artisans, merchants Landless peasants Untouchables added much later Caste comes the Portuguese word casta which refers to a social class of herditary and unchangeable status. Portuguese merchants visited India during 16th century, noticed inherited distinctions btwn different social groups -referred to distinctions btwn social groups as as castes -scholars have employed term caste ever since in reference to the Indian social order Untouchables: (people who performed dirty tasks)