Latin America & The Caribbean History: Geography, Culture and Conflict SS6G1: The student will be able to locate selected features of Latin America and the Caribbean SS6G4: The student will describe the cultural characteristics of people who live in Latin America and the Caribbean SS6H1 Describe the impact of European contact on Latin America SS6H2 The student will explain the development of Latin America and the Caribbean from European colonies to independent nations. Latin America & The Caribbean History: Geography, Culture and Conflict

ELEMENTS Locate on a world and regional political-physical map: Amazon River, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific Ocean, Panama Canal, Andes Mountains, Sierra Madre Mountains, and Atacama Desert  Locate on a world and regional political-physical map in the countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Haiti, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela  Describe the results of blending of ethnic groups in Latin America and the Caribbean. Explain why Latin America is a region based on the languages of Portuguese and Spanish. Describe the encounter and consequences of the conflict between the Spanish and the Aztecs and Incas and the roles of Cortes, Montezuma, Pizarro, and Atahualpa Explain the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Latin America and Europe in terms of the decline of the indigenous population, agricultural change, and the introduction of the horse. Describe the influence of African slavery on the development of the Americas Describe the influence of the Spanish and the Portuguese on the language and religions of Latin America Explain the Latin American independence movement; include the importance of Toussaint L'Ouverture, Simon Bolivar, and Miguel Hidalgo.

ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS Conflict and Change: The student will understand that when there is conflict between or within societies, change is the result. Culture: The student will understand that the culture of a society is the product of the religion, beliefs, customs, traditions, and government of that society. Location: The student will understand that location affects a society’s economy, culture, and development.

THE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF LATIN AMERICA Latin America is made up of countries in central America, Mexico, the Caribbean and the continent of South America Latin America contains many key physical features: Rivers Amazon River Major water bodies Pacific Ocean Caribbean Sea Gulf of Mexico Panama Canal Mountains Andes Mountains Sierra Madre Mountains Other landforms Atacama Desert

KEY COUNTRIES OF LATIN AMERICA Bolivia Brazil Colombia Cuba Haiti Mexico Panama Venezuela Other countries include: Peru, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Chile, Honduras, Ecuador, Uruguay and Dominican Republic

MAP OF LATIN AMERICA

LANGUAGES IN LATIN AMERICA Unlike Europe, Latin America is not dominated by many languages The main languages of Latin America are Spanish, English and Portuguese Other languages spoken are French and Dutch

LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN THE REGION Spanish Most countries in Latin America Dutch Suriname Portuguese Brazil French Haiti, French Guiana English Jamaica, Bahamas, Guyana

ETHNIC GROUPS OF LATIN AMERICA Latin America is dominated by many ethnic groups Three major ethnic groups are present Mestizos Blend of Spanish and Native American Heritage Started by Spanish explorers marrying Natives in the New World Mulattos Blend of European and African Heritage Started by European explorers bringing slaves to Latin America and marrying them Afro-Latinos Blend of African and Spanish Heritage Started by slaves living in South America and the Latin American islands marrying natives living there

RELIGION IN LATIN AMERICA Nearly all Latin Americans worship Christianity Latin Americans are mostly Catholic, mainly in the countries that speak French, Dutch, and Spanish Some Latin Americans are Protestant, mainly in the countries that speak English Christianity arrived to Latin America due to explorers, mostly from Spain, spreading the religion to the New World

THE EMPIRES OF THE INCAS AND THE AZTECS The Aztecs and Incas were two powerful civilizations that lived in Latin America Aztecs Lived from 1200-1521 Located in the southern part of Mexico Warrior society who was successful with agriculture Built a capital called Tenochtitlan, one of the first modern day cities Citizens were well skilled in many forms of jobs Believed in many gods and built temples to worship them Had about 5 million citizens living there Created the calendar

THE EMPIRES OF THE INCAS AND THE AZTECS Lasted from 1400-1535 Located on the west coast of South America Farming society who advanced methods of planting crops Worshipped many gods, with the sun god being the most important Built a capital called Cuzco, or the City of the Sun Had a social class system, with farmers and nobles as the two classes Citizens were skilled in architecture, including building a major city called Machu Picchu Had plenty of gold in their civilization

THE SPANISH AND THE AZTECS In 1519, Hernan Cortes From Spain entered Mexico, searching for Gold The Aztecs thought he was a god, so their ruler, Montezuma II, allowed Cortes and his men to stay in Tenochtitlan The horses, guns, cannons and blades of the Spanish scared the Aztecs Cortes eventually discovered gold and took the Aztecs hostage A rebellion broke out eventually, and the Spanish wiped out the Aztecs by 1521 Montezuma and most of the Aztecs were killed by diseases like smallpox The capital was renamed Mexico City and the Spanish set up their operations there

THE SPANISH AND THE INCAS In 1532, Francisco Pizarro arrived in Peru looking for gold Pizarro invited the emperor or the Incas, Atahualpa, for dinner, but captured him instead Pizarro bribed gold and silver out of Atahualpa, but had him killed anyway Pizarro would conquer the Incas by 1535 He used the Incas as slaves and had them work in his cities and fields Diseases killed many of the Incas, as well as Pizarro using other tribes to help in his battles with the Incas

IMPACT OF THE COLOMBIAN EXCHANGE Colombian Exchange is the name given for the exchange of diseases, crops, goods and animals between Europe and the settlements in Latin America The impact was felt in three ways: Natives were being killed by diseases brought in by the Europeans New goods and crops were brought into the Americas and used for food and trading The horse was introduced, which allowed for better transportation and labor

SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS When Portugal settled in Brazil, they wanted to grow sugarcane in the area. To get the man power, the Portuguese would bring in African slaves, due to the fact they were immune from diseases. Brazil was the leader in slave labor and the many slaves there would build the empire of the Portuguese in Brazil. Slavery would also be prominent in the Caribbean, as countries like France, The Netherlands, and England would own islands in the Caribbean. They would bring in slaves to help farm their sugarcane and the slave labor in the Caribbean would bring much wealth to the countries back in Europe

INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN Haiti Known as St. Dominque at the time, Haiti would fight for independence in 1804 A slave rebellion was started in 1791, as slaves would kill their French overseers Former slave Touissant L’Ouverture led the rebellion and helped gain independence in 1794 L’Ouverture would also fight off the Spanish and English from taking the island L’Ouverture would name himself dictator for life and help to rebuild the island Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France, would fight for the island, but withdrew in 1803 after his soldiers got yellow fever Haiti was officially a republic in 1804

INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN South America Many countries in South America fought for independence collectively They were led by Simon Bolivar, who starting in 1810, fought to free South America from the Europeans Bolivar would free countries such as Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador Bolivar was nicknamed “The Liberator” and the country of Bolivia was named after him in respect

INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN Mexico Around 1810, Mexico would begin to call for independence from the Spanish The leader was Miguel Hidalgo, a catholic priest, who said the taxes, taking of land, and slavery by Spain was unfair Hidalgo led farmers and Native Americans to Mexico City, defeating many groups in the process Hidalgo was defeated around 1811, as he was captured and put to death Others continued Hidalgo’s work and by 1821, Mexico had finally gained its independence Hidalgo today is known as the Father of Mexican Independence