Aim: How should ancient Roman civilization be remembered? Do Now: What do you know about ancient Rome? What would you like to know?

I The Geography of ancient Rome A) Like Greece, Italy is located next to the Mediterranean Sea, is a peninsula, and is very mountainous. B) Unlike Greece, Italy’s mountains are less rugged. This helped the Romans conquer Italy. ALPS APPENINE MOUNTAINS CORSICA SARDINIA SICILY AFRICA

II How did Roman Civilization Begin? A) In the 8th Century BCE, the Latins settled by the Tiber River in the Italian peninsula. B) The Latins were not the only people there! The Latins “borrowed” technology, religious beliefs, and culture from the Greeks and the Etruscans. 1. From the Greeks, the Latins “borrowed” Greek gods and goddesses, the use of columns, art, and philosophy. 2. From the Etruscans, the Latins “borrowed” the arch.

Apennine Mountains, Italian Peninsula

Mediterranean Prior to Rome

How did the Roman Civilization Begin? Continued… An Etruscan Arch

How did the Roman Civilization Begin? Continued… C) According to Roman legend, twin brothers Romulus and Remus were abandoned as babies. They were fed by a she-wolf and were raised by a herdsman. As adults, they founded the city of Rome. In a fit of jealousy, Romulus killed his brother Remus. However, historians cannot prove this story! We do know that the Latins moved into Rome, and found Greeks and Etruscans already living there. In 509 BCE the Latins overthrew the last Etruscan King and created the Roman Republic.

III The Roman Republic 509 BCE – 27 BCE In 509 BCE the Romans founded the first Republic. - A Republic is a type of democracy - Unlike Athenian Democracy where the citizens vote on major issues directly, in Rome the citizens voted for Senators to represent them in the Roman Senate. Senators: 300, served for life. Created and voted on laws. 2 consuls, 1 year terms. Supervised government workers and the army. PATRICIANS: Citizens of High Status During a time of crisis the Senate could elect a Dictator to have complete control for up to 6 months. By 494 BCE due to protests of not enough voice in the Republic, the plebeians were now able to elect Tribunes. They could not make laws, but they could veto them. PLEBIANS: Citizens of Low Status

The Roman Republic 509 BCE – 27 BCE Continued… B) 450 BCE the 12 Tables (Roman laws engraved on tablets, and divided into 12 tables or sections) was placed in public. The laws dealt with debt, family, property and other matters of public and private life. Excerpt #1: “One who has confessed a debt, or against whom judgment has been pronounced, shall have thirty days to pay it in. After that forcible seizure of his person is allowed.” Excerpt #2: "Whoever is convicted of speaking false witness shall be flung from the Tarpeian Rock."

The Roman Republic 509 BCE – 27 BCE Continued… C) The Romans expanded by building roads, and granting citizenship for loyalty and taxes. D) A threat to Rome were the Phoenicians; seafarers who had city- states around the Mediterranean. The most powerful Phoenician city- state was Carthage in northern Africa. This rivalry led to the Punic Wars (3 wars fought between 246 BCE – 146 BCE). By 146 BCE the Romans had conquered Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and Carthage, making the Romans the most powerful empire in the Mediterranean Sea! Recall the Phoenicians invented the first alphabet!

All Roads Lead to Rome! Romans built roads to link captured cities with Rome and establish them as colonies. There were road signs, mile markers, police posts, roadside inns, and way stations to change horses!

The Roman Republic 509 BCE – 27 BCE Continued… Hannibal was the leader of the Phoenicians during the 2nd Punic War. Instead of sailing from Carthage to Italy by sea, he surprised the Romans by crossing the Alps south into Italy, and even brought elephants! Hannibal almost won the war, until Rome changed strategy and attacked his home-city of Carthage. Hannibal returned to Carthage, where he was defeated. In revenge, the Romans destroyed Carthage and salted the ground so nothing would grow for years.

The Roman Republic 509 BCE – 27 BCE Continued… E) After the Punic Wars, Rome began to import grain and luxury goods from across the empire. This led to debt. The gap between the patricians (wealthy) and the plebeians (poor) grew. F) Two Tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempted to make reforms to help the poor. The Senate felt threatened and both were killed in 133 BCE. A CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE PLEBIANS AND PATRICIANS… IT’S ON!!! G) In 82 BCE, Sulla, a Roman general, became dictator for 2 years! (Dictators were only supposed to rule for 6 months).

Ptolemaic Empire Parthian Empire Roman Empire

HW Questions Describe the legend of Rome’s beginnings, as well as how historians believe it was founded. Describe the Roman Republic. - What were its achievements? - How did it differ from Athenian government? 3. How did Rome expand its territory? 4. What were the consequences of the Punic Wars?

Key Vocabulary 12 Tables Senate Apennine Mountains Tiber River Carthage Tribune Consul Veto Dictator Etruscans Hannibal Latins Patricians Phoenicians Plebeians Punic Wars Republic Rome