1. Aim: How should ancient Roman civilization be remembered?
Do Now: What do you know about ancient Rome? What would you like to know?

2. I Geography of the Italian Peninsula
Italy is a peninsula on the Mediterranean Sea.
Rome is in center of Italy, and consisted of 7 hills. The most famous is the Palatine.
The Apennine Mountains and the Alps are less rugged than the mountains in Greece
Main Rivers: Tiber, Po & Arno
Tiber River
Apennine Mountains

3. ALPS
APPENINE MOUNTAINS
CORSICA
SARDINIA
SICILY
AFRICA

4. Mediterranean Prior to Rome

5. II How did Roman Civilization Begin?
A) In the 8th Century BCE, the Latins settled by the Tiber River in the Italian peninsula.
B) The Latins were not the only people there! They adopted technology, religious beliefs, and culture from the Greeks and Etruscans.
1. From the Greeks: Greek gods, columns, classical sculpture, and philosophy.
2. From the Etruscans: arch, gladiator games.

6. How did the Roman Civilization Begin? Continued…
An Etruscan Arch

7. How did the Roman Civilization Begin? Continued…
C) According to Roman legend, twin brothers Romulus and Remus were abandoned as babies. They were fed by a she-wolf and were raised by a herdsman. As adults, they founded the city of Rome. In a fit of jealousy, Romulus killed his brother Remus. However, historians cannot prove this story! We do know that the Latins moved into Rome, and found Greeks and Etruscans already living there. In 509 BCE the Latins overthrew the last Etruscan King and created the Roman Republic.

8. III The Roman Republic 509 BCE – 27 BCE
In 509 BCE the Romans founded the first Republic.
- A Republic is a type of democracy
- Unlike Athenian Democracy where the citizens vote on major issues directly, in Rome the citizens voted for Senators to represent them in the Roman Senate.
Senators: 300, served for life. Created and voted on laws.
2 consuls, 1 year terms. Supervised government workers and the army.
PATRICIANS: Citizens of High Status
During a time of crisis the Senate could elect a Dictator to have complete control for up to 6 months.
By 494 BCE due to protests of not enough voice in the Republic, the plebeians were now able to elect Tribunes. They could not make laws, but they could veto them.
PLEBIANS:
Citizens of Low Status

9. The Roman Republic 509 BCE – 27 BCE Continued…
B) 450 BCE the 12 Tables (Roman laws engraved on tablets, and divided into 12 tables or sections) was placed in public.
Excerpt #1: “One who has confessed a debt, or against whom judgment has been pronounced, shall have thirty days to pay it in. After that forcible seizure of his person is allowed.”
Excerpt #2: "Whoever is convicted of speaking false witness shall be flung from the Tarpeian Rock."

10. The Roman Republic 509 BCE – 27 BCE Continued…
C) The Romans built roads everywhere they conquered. D) A threat to Rome were the Phoenicians; seafarers who had city-states around the Mediterranean. The most powerful Phoenician city-state was Carthage in northern Africa. This rivalry led to the Punic Wars (3 wars fought between 246 BCE – 146 BCE). By 146 BCE the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and Carthage, making the Romans the most powerful empire in the Mediterranean Sea!

11. All Roads Lead to Rome!
Romans built roads to link captured cities with Rome and establish them as colonies. There were road signs, mile markers, police posts, roadside inns, and way stations to change horses!

12. The Roman Republic 509 BCE – 27 BCE Continued…
Hannibal was the leader of the Phoenicians during the 2nd Punic War. Instead of sailing from Carthage to Italy by sea, he surprised the Romans by crossing the Alps south into Italy, and even brought elephants! Hannibal almost won the war, until Rome changed strategy and attacked his home-city of Carthage. Hannibal returned to Carthage, where he was defeated. In revenge, the Romans destroyed Carthage and salted the ground so nothing would grow for years.

13. The Roman Republic 509 BCE – 27 BCE Continued…
E) After the Punic Wars, Rome began to import grain and luxury goods from across the empire. This led to debt. The gap between the patricians (wealthy) and the plebeians (poor) grew. F) Two Tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempted to make reforms to help the poor. The Senate felt threatened and both were killed in 133 BCE.
A CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE PLEBIANS AND PATRICIANS…IT’S ON!!!
G) In 82 BCE, Sulla, a Roman general, became dictator for 2 years! (Dictators were only supposed to rule for 6 months).

14. Summary Questions
Describe the legend of Romulus and Remus. What does this tell you about the values of the Romans?
Describe the Roman Republic.
- What were its achievements?
- How did it differ from Athenian government?
3. How did Rome expand its territory?
4. What were the consequences of the Punic Wars?

15. Ptolemaic Empire
Parthian Empire
Roman Empire

16. Key Vocabulary 12 Tables Punic Wars Apennine Mountains Republic
Carthage
Rome
Consul
Senate
Dictator
Tiber River
Etruscans
Tribune
Hannibal
Veto
Latins
Patricians
Phoenicians
Plebeians