The Geography of Greece

Bronze Age Greece

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

Piraeus: Athens ’ Port City

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: Famous Battles  Marathon (490 BCE)  26 miles from Athens  Thermopylae (480 BCE)  300 Spartans at the Mountain pass  Salamis (480 BCE)  Athenian navy victorious

Golden “ Age of Pericles ” : 460 BCE – 429 BCE

Great Athenian Philosophers  Socrates  Know thyself!  question everything  only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness.  Plato  The Academy  The world of the FORMS  The Republic  philosopher-king

Great Athenian Philosophers  Aristotle  The Lyceum  “Golden Mean” [everything in moderation].  Logic.  Scientific method.

Athens: The Arts & Sciences  DRAMA (tragedians):  Aeschylus  Sophocles  Euripides  THE SCIENCES:  Pythagoras  Democritus  all matter made up of small atoms.  Hippocrates  “Father of Medicine”

Phidias ’ Acropolis

The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers

Pheidippidies ran about 26 miles to Athens to report the victory. When he arrived, he cried out, “Nike!” and died from exhaustion. Nike is the goddess of victory. Run forest Run

The 1896 Olympic marathon distance of 24.8 miles was based on the distance run by Pheidippides. At the 1908 Olympic Games in London, the marathon distance was changed to 26.2 miles to cover the ground from Windsor Castle to White City Stadium, with the 2.2 miles added on so the race could finish in front of royal family's viewing box. This added two miles to the course, and is the origin of the Marathon tradition of shouting "God save the Queen!" (or other words relating to the Queen) as mile post 24 is passed. After 16 years of sometimes angry discussion, this 26.2 mile distance was established at the 1924 Olympics in Paris as the official marathon distance. Marathon

SPARTA

Military Society: The Spartan educational system, which was to produce men capable of showing such bravery as soldiers. Military strength was felt to be necessary to Sparta for their very survival.

Athens was a rival of Sparta. The scholarly and government center of Greece. Athens

Athens- more freedom (various forms)Athens- more freedom (various forms) Crisis of land led to reforms by SolonCrisis of land led to reforms by Solon Gradual increase in influence of the citizens (men with property)Gradual increase in influence of the citizens (men with property) Sparta- aggressive toward neighborsSparta- aggressive toward neighbors Slave laborSlave labor Military importantMilitary important Rigid lifestyleRigid lifestyle Did not encourage ingenuityDid not encourage ingenuity or independent thought or independent thought Polis (City States)

Peloponnesian Wars

The Delian League, based on the island of Delos, was formed to unite the Greek city-states to defend against the Persians. Athens lead the league and gained more and more power over the other city states. Sparta refused to join. The Delian League

The other city-states became resentful of Athens’ power over them. A group of city-states led by Sparta waged the Peloponnesian War against Athens for 30 years until Athens surrendered to Sparta. Later, under Spartan control, the Athenians revolted and once more set up a democracy; but they never regained the power they once had. The Delian League

Macedonia Under Philip II

Alexander the Great

Phillip of Macedon unites or conquers the City StatesPhillip of Macedon unites or conquers the City States Phillip assassinatedPhillip assassinated Alexander Alexander –Student of Aristotle- revered Greek accomplishments –Spread the empire and defeated the Persians- –Follow path to Asia Minor, Tyre, Egypt to Persia(p99) –Amazing accomplishments - Indus Valley –Inspired followers- died in Babylon 33

Alexander the Great ’ s Empire

Alexander the Great in Persia

The Hellenization of Asia

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

Hellenistic Philosophers  Cynics  Diogenes  ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries.  citizens of the world.  live a humble, simple life.  Epicurians  Epicurus  avoid pain & seek pleasure.  all excess leads to pain!  politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic Philosophers  Stoics  Zeno  nature is the expansion of divine will.  concept of natural law.  get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.  true happiness is found in great achievements.

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences  Scientists / Mathematicians:  Aristarchus  heliocentric theory.  Euclid  geometry  Archimedes  pulley  Hellenistic Art:  More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art.  Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

The Breakup of Alexander ’ s Empire

Government system of democracyGovernment system of democracy Bronze AgeBronze Age OdometerOdometer CartographyCartography OlympicsOlympics Basis of GeometryBasis of Geometry Modern PhilosophyModern Philosophy Discoveries inDiscoveries in modern science Greek Top 10

The Greeks began to lose their sense of community and fought with one another. In 338 B.C. After the death of Alexander his empire was divided among his generals (3 major sections) Start of the Roman Empire Greek Decline