Grammar 2 The Second Semester 2015-2016 Presented by Dr. Mohamed Sha’at

Aims of the Session Students are expected to revise different types of adverbial clauses.

Types of Adverbial Clauses There are 5 types of adverbial clauses: (1) Time, (2) Reason, (3) Purpose, (4) Contrast, and (5) Conditions. What is an Adverb Clause? Adverb clauses are clauses that function as adverbs. Since they are dependent clauses, they must have a subordinating conjunction to connect them to the other clause. Subordinating conjunctions can be arranged according to the purpose of the clause they begin. Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions:

A time clauses A reason clause: A purpose clause: A contrast clause: - She went to Palestine before she came to the U.S. A reason clause: - She went to Palestine first because she couldn’t get a visa for the U.S. A purpose clause: She came to the U.S. so that she could be with her relatives A contrast clause: - She came to the U.S. even though she didn’t know English. A condition clause: - She will go back to her country if she saves enough money.

Purpose - Mike went to the station to meet his parents. The underlined clause is called the infinitive of purpose. It is used to describe purpose. In formal speech we can use in order to. - The president made a speech in order to explain the policy. Note that we can use for to say why we do something. For is followed by a noun. - He went to the shop for some milk.

For a habitual purpose we use can or the present simple For a habitual purpose we use can or the present simple. I leave the window open so (that) the cat can get in and out. Bill wears thick socks in bed so (that) his feet don't get cold. For a future purpose we use can, will or the present simple. Dora is going to leave class early so (that) she can go to the dentist. We'll take an umbrella so (that) we don 't get wet.

For a past purpose we use could, would or the past simple. - Dora left class early so (that) she could go to the dentist. - We took an umbrella so (that) we wouldn't get wet. - We took an umbrella so (that) we didn't get wet.

If the subject of the first part of the sentence and the subject of the purpose clause are different, we can't use the infinitive of purpose to. We have to use so (that). Consider the subjects of the following examples: - Helen played the piano to entertain her friends. - Helen played the piano to everyone else could dance. (F) - Helen played the piano so (that) everyone else could dance.

Polling How can you grade this meeting? A = excellent, B = very good, C = good or D = fair.

Dr. Mohammed Sha’at