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© 2008 Suriya Nuntasukhon, Courtesy of Photoshare Childhood mortality Levels and trends Socioeconomic differentials Differentials by mother’s characteristics Adult mortality Pregnancy-related mortality © 2008 Suriya Nuntasukhon, Courtesy of Photoshare

Childhood Mortality Estimates Neonatal mortality Probability of dying in the first month of life Postneonatal mortality Probability of dying between one month and first birthday Infant mortality Probability of dying before the first birthday Child mortality Probability of dying between age one and five Under-5 mortality Probability of dying before the fifth birthday

Childhood Mortality Rates Deaths per 1,000 live births for the 5-year period before the survey Infant and under-5 mortality rates in the 5-year period before the survey are 40 and 50 deaths per 1,000 live births, respectively. At these mortality levels, 1 in every 25 children dies before reaching age one. One in every 20 children does not survive to their fifth birthday. The neonatal mortality rate in the past 5 years is 25 deaths per 1,000 live births.

Childhood Mortality by Mother’s Education Deaths per 1,000 live births for the 10-year period before the survey Mother’s education is inversely related to a child’s risk of dying. Both infant mortality and under-5 mortality rates are lower for children born to mothers more than secondary education than for children with mothers with no education

Childhood Mortality by Wealth Deaths per 1,000 live births for the 10-year period before the survey Childhood mortality is lowest in the wealthiest households.

Under-5 Mortality by Region/State Deaths per 1,000 live births for the 10-year period before the survey Figures in parentheses are based on 250-499 unweighted exposed persons. Under-5 mortality ranges 44 deaths per 1000 live births in mon to 104 in Chin.

Trends in Childhood Mortality Deaths per 1,000 live births for the 5-year period before the survey Although there has not been a DHS done in Myanmar prior to 2015-16, the 2015-16 survey collected information on births and deaths up to 15 years prior to the survey. These data indicate that childhood mortality has declined in the most recent period before the survey.

Under-5 Mortality in the Region Deaths per 1,000 live births The under-5 mortality rate in Myanmar is similar to the rates seen in Bangladesh and Nepal. Under-five mortality is lower in Cambodia, and higher in Pakistan.

Maternal Factors Associated with High Risk of Childhood Mortality Children are at an elevated risk of dying if: Too short birth interval: less than 24 months after a previous birth Mother is “too young” (under 18) or “too old” (over 40) High birth order: mother has four or more children

Childhood Mortality by Previous Birth Interval Deaths per 1,000 live births for the 10-year period before the survey Children who are born less than 2 years after a previous birth have an extremely elevated risk of dying. Doctors recommend that women wait 3 years between births. The average birth interval in Myanmar is about 4 years, so there are relatively few children being born less than 2 years after a previous birth.

Childhood Mortality by Birth Order Deaths per 1,000 live births for the 10-year period before the survey In general, mortality rates are higher among births of order seven or above than among births of order two to three.

© 2009 Kyaw Thar, Courtesy of Photoshare Childhood mortality Levels and trends Socioeconomic differentials Differentials by mother’s characteristics Adult mortality Pregnancy-related mortality © 2009 Kyaw Thar, Courtesy of Photoshare

Estimating Adult Mortality Data collected from respondents: Deaths of brothers and sisters Reported ages at death and years since deaths Age-specific mortality rates estimated by number of deaths in each age group by total person-years of exposure to the risk of dying in that age group. Rates calculated for 7 years preceding the survey

Adult Mortality In the seven-year period before the survey: 2.1 women died for every 1,000 women per year 5.0 men died for every 1,000 men per year For both women and men, mortality rates increase with age with the increase being more pronounced among men.

Adult Mortality by Age As expected, mortality tends to increase with age. Males have a higher rate of mortality at almost all ages.

Pregnancy-Related Mortality Pregnancy-related mortality includes all deaths that occur to women during pregnancy, during birth, and up to 2 months after birth or the end of the pregnancy.

Pregnancy-related Mortality Pregnancy-related mortality ratio (PRMR) for the 7-year period before the survey = 227 deaths per 100,000 live births 8% of female deaths were pregnancy- related PRMR is based on a reported 22 deaths in the 7 years before the survey. Pregnancy-related deaths accounted for 8% of all female deaths in the previous 7 years. Another way of expressing the PRMR is that for every 1,000 live births in the previous 7 years, slightly more than 1 women died during pregnancy, delivery, and within 2 months postpartum.

Pregnancy-Related Mortality Ratio Pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births The confidence interval around the PRMR estimate means that thee actual PRMR may be as high as 323 and as low as 131. This range is known as a confidence interval.

Key Findings Infant mortality rate is 40 deaths per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality rate is 50 deaths per 1,000 live births. Childhood mortality is generally higher among children of less educated mothers. Childhood mortality is considerably higher among children born less than 2 years after a previous birth. The pregnancy-related mortality ratio is 227 deaths deaths per 100,000 live births for the 7 years before the survey.