1. Follow along on Twitter! #MyanmarDHS @DHSprogram
Survey Methodology

2. The Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey ( MDHS) was implemented by the Ministry of Health and Sports of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Funding for the survey was provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Three Millennium Development Goal Fund (3MDG). ICF provided technical assistance through The DHS Program, which assists countries in the collection of data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programs.

3. Objective
The main objective of the MDHS is to provide information on fertility levels, marriage, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutrition, childhood and maternal mortality, maternal and child health, awareness and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and other health-related issues such as smoking and knowledge of tuberculosis.
This information is essential for programme managers and policymakers to evaluate and design programmes and strategies for improving the health of Myanmar’s population.

4. The Survey
The MDHS is the 1st Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Myanmar as part of The DHS Program.
It is designed to provide estimates at the national and regional levels, for urban and rural areas, and for each of Myanmar’s 15 states/regions.

5. Sample Design
Sampling Frame: Based on the 2014 Census sampling frame First Stage: 442 clusters selected—123 urban and 319 rural Second Stage: 30 households were selected from each cluster, for a total sample size of 13,260 households Selected households were visited and interviewed; all women age and half of all men age in all of the selected households were interviewed.

6. Representing all of Myanmar
Data were collected in non-state controlled areas and an IDP camp
Interviewers from these regions were deliberately recruited
Advocacy efforts in place before survey
Additional security and training for some regions
ADD CLUSTER MAP

7. 15 Regions/States Covered by the MDHS

8. Questionnaires Household Questionnaire Woman’s Questionnaire
English Questionnaires were translated into Myanmar

9. Questionnaires: Household Questionnaire
Lists usual members and visitors to identify eligible individuals
Basic characteristics of each person in the household collected (age, sex, education, etc.)
Children’s school attendance
Housing characteristics (access to drinking water, sanitation facilities, etc.)
Anthropometry measurements for all children under 5, and women age 15-49
Anaemia testing for children 6-59 months, and women age 15-49
Identify women and men eligible for individual interview

10. Questionnaires: Woman’s Questionnaire
Background characteristics (age, education, literacy, etc.)
Birth history and child mortality
Knowledge and use of family planning methods
Fertility preferences
Maternal health (antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care)
Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices
Child vaccinations and childhood illnesses
Marriage and sexual activity
Women’s work and husband’s background characteristics
Women’s empowerment indicators
Knowledge, awareness, and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other STIs
Adult and maternal mortality
Domestic violence

11. Questionnaires: Man’s Questionnaire
Background characteristics (age, education, literacy, etc.)
Knowledge of family planning methods
Fertility preferences
Employment and gender roles
Knowledge, awareness, and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other STIs
Other health issues

12. Biomarkers Height and weight measurements: Children under 5
Women age 15-49
Anemia testing:
Children age 6-59 months

13. Pretest and Main Survey Training
Training and pretest fieldwork in January 2015 in Mandalay
Refresher training for trainers in September 2015
Main Survey Training:
Training from 28 September-23 October, 2015, in Nay Pyi Taw
148 field staff trained
Refresher training 30 November in 3 locations

14. Fieldwork and Data Processing
Total of 19 teams
1 supervisor, 1 field editor, 3-4 female interviewers, and 1 male interviewer
Fieldwork conducted from 7 December 2015 to 7 July
Data processing started in the field with computer- assisted field editing (CAFÉ) on tablet computers.
Paper questionnaire data was entered into tablets after check by field editor
Questionnaires were re-entered by data processing staff in Nay Pyi Taw
Data processing included secondary editing and was conducted from January 2016-July 2016.

15. Results of the Household and Individual Interviews
Household Interviews
Households selected
13,238
Households occupied
12,780
Households interviewed
12,500
Response rate
98%
Interviews with Women age 15-49
Eligible women
13,454
Women interviewed
12,885
Response rate
96%
Interviews with Men age 15-49
Eligible men
5,218
Men interviewed
4,737
Response rate
91%

16. Household and Respondent Characteristics #MyanmarDHS @DHSprogram

17. © 2009 Kyaw Thar, Courtesy of Photoshare
Household Characteristics
Drinking water and sanitation
Electricity
Ownership of goods
Wealth
Respondent Characteristics
Education
Mass media
Employment and occupation
© 2009 Kyaw Thar, Courtesy of Photoshare

18. Myanmar’s Households 23% of households are headed by females.
Households have an average of 4.2 members.
29% of the population is under 15 years of age.

19. 80 % of households have an improved source of drinking water
Percent of households
80 % of households have an improved source of drinking water
Nearly 8 in 10 rural households in Myanmar. In urban areas, bottled water is the most common water source. In urban areas, households get their water from tubewells/boreholes and protected wells or springs. Overall, 20% of households do not have access to clean drinking water.

20. Toilet Facilities Percent of households
Nearly half of households have an improved sanitation facility not shared with other households, and 10% use a shared facility. 32% of households use an unimproved toilet facility. 11% of households have no toilet facility.
Generally, households in urban areas have higher access to improved sanitation than rural areas. Rural households are more likely than urban households to have no toilet facility (14% versus 1% ).

21. Electricity Percent of households
56% of households have electricity in Myanmar. Electricity is more common in urban areas (92%) than in rural areas (42%).

22. Household Possessions
Percent of households with:
Mobile phones and televisions are the most common devices possessed by most households for information and communication. 73% of households have a mobile phone. Urban households are more likely to have a mobile phone (93%) than rural households (66%). More than half of households own a television; only about one-third of households own a radio. Motorcylces/scooters are the most commonly owned means of transport.

23. Wealth Index
Wealth is determined by scoring households based on a set of characteristics, including access to electricity and ownership of various consumer goods.
Households are then ranked, from lowest score to highest score.
This list is then separated into 5 equal pieces (or quintiles) each representing 20% of the population.
Therefore, those in the highest quintile may not be “rich” but they are of higher socioeconomic status than 80% of Myanmar people.

24. Wealth Index Lowest 2nd Middle 4th Highest Urban 4% 5% 10% 26% 56%
Rural 26% 25% % 18% %
Very few urban households are in the poorest 3 quintiles, while very few rural households are in the wealthiest quintile. Rakhine and Ayeyarwady have the largest proportion of households in the poorest quintile (>40%), while Yangon has the largest proportion of households in the wealthiest quintile (47%).

25. © 2009 Kyaw Thar, Courtesy of Photoshare
Household Characteristics
Drinking water and sanitation
Electricity
Ownership of goods
Wealth
Respondent Characteristics
Education
Mass media
Employment and occupation
© 2009 Kyaw Thar, Courtesy of Photoshare

26. Educational Attainment of Respondents age 15-49
Percent of women and men age by highest level of education attended
13% of women and 12% of men have never attended school. 41% of women and 36% of men have attended only primary school; 36% of women and 45% of men have attended secondary school. Only 10% of women and 7% of men have gone beyond secondary school.

27. Percent of women and men age 15-49 who are literate
Literacy
Percent of women and men age who are literate
About 90% of Myanmars are literate. Almost all women and men in urban areas are literate, while less than 90% of those living in rural areas are literate.

28. Exposure to Mass Media
Percent of women and men age with access to media at least once a week
Men are slightly more likely to be exposed to all media than women. Among women and men, television is the most widely accessed medium. 60% of women and men watch television at least once a week. 1 in 3 women and 29% of men have no exposure to any of the mass media on a weekly basis.

29. Percent of women and men age 15-49
Employment
Percent of women and men age 15-49
Two-thirds of women are currently employed compared 91% of men. 6% of women were not currently working but had in the past year, while 27% had not been working in last year. 3% of men were not currently working but had in the past year, while 6% had not been working in the last 12 months.

30. Percent of women and men age 15-49
Occupation
Percent of women and men age 15-49
Women are most likely to work in sales and service (25%) and unskilled manual labor (28%). Men work primarily in unskilled manual labor (31%), agriculture (29%), and skilled manual labor(21%).

31. Key Findings
80% of households have access to an improved source of drinking water.
48% of households have an improved sanitation facility; 11% of households have no sanitation facility.
56% of households have electricity.
13% of women and 12% of men have never attended school.
67% of women and 91% of men worked in the past 7 days.