AGENDA Current News Short film clips Chapter 12 (Hallucinogens/Psychedelics) Last quiz, next week, May 16th

Current News http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-delmar-cannabis-festival- 20170505-story.html

Chapter 12 Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) Riverside City College Instructor Ed Ramirez

Hallucinogens/Psychedelics Psychedelics defined as: Means "mind manifesting." It is used to describe the state of consciousness typically experienced while under drugs such as: LSD, mushrooms, mescaline and cannabis – Also, consisting of various stages of ego-release and an often startling alteration of perceptions.

Psychedelics A demon had invaded me, had taken possession of my body, mind, and soul. I jumped up and screamed, trying to free myself from him, but then sank down again and lay helpless on the sofa. The substance, with which I wanted to experiment, had vanquished me. It was the demon that scornfully triumphed over my will.

Hallucinogens The word “psychedelic” come from the Greek root meaning “mind-revealing”

Hallucinogens What are they? Substances that alter sensory processing in the brain, causing perceptual disturbances, changes in thought processing, and depersonalization

Hallucinogens Persons using hallucinogenic drugs often report seeing images, hearing sounds, and feeling sensations that seem real, but do not exist

Psychedelics Substances that expand or heighten perception and consciousness

Psychotomimetics Substances that cause psychosis like symptoms A drug with psychotomimetic actions mimics the symptoms of psychosis, including delusions and/or delirium, as opposed to just hallucinations. Psychotomimesis is the onset of psychotic symptoms following the administration of such a drug. psy·chot·o·mi·met·ic (sī-kot'ō-mi-met'ik), 1. A drug or substance that produces psychological and behavioral changes resembling those of psychosis; for example, LSD. Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/psychotomimetics

History Medicine Men Shamans Witches/oracles Mystic Priests People have known and written about drug-related hallucinations for centuries Holy/sacred (receiving divine messages) Medicine Men Shamans Witches/oracles Mystic Priests

History But, society began to abuse hallucinogens Prior to the 1960s, mescaline (from the peyote cactus) could be obtained from chemical supply houses with no restrictions in the United States (it was legal) But, society began to abuse hallucinogens

What Changed? Violent demonstrations “The establishment” The 1960s Vietnam War Violent demonstrations “The establishment” Harvard psychology professor, Timothy Leary “LSD”

LSD Widespread Use (Pronounced- ly ser gic acid die ethel la mide) Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) (Pronounced- ly ser gic acid die ethel la mide) Psychosis-like schizophrenia Psychotomimetic- “Substances that cause psychosis like symptoms (psychosis mimicking)

Psychotomimetic Drugs that induce mental states that impair an individual’s ability to recognize and respond appropriately to reality.

Hallucinogens (which drugs?) LSD MDMA, (ecstasy) PCP (phencyclidine) Psilocybin (magic mushrooms) Mescaline (peyote)

Hallucinogens (which drugs?) DMT Foxy Nutmeg Atropa Mandragora Henbane Jimsonweed

Hallucinogens (which drugs?) Ketamine Dextromethorphan Marijuana Salvia

Native American Church Native Americans and the use of peyote: First-Born Church of Christ “First peyote church,” 1914, Oklahoma. 1918, Native American Church of the United States 1965 Congress legislated against its use

Native American Church 1978 American Indian Religious Freedom Act (attempted) to allow members of the Native American Church peyote use 1994, protected the use of peyote in Native American Church ceremonies

Case in Point Page 351 Native American Jonathan Fowler How far should it go? Native American Jonathan Fowler His 4-year old son

Timothy Leary advocated legalization of LSD in the 1960s

Timothy Leary 1966, 3 years after being fired by Harvard And his League of Spiritual Discovery 1966, 3 years after being fired by Harvard for controversial involvement with hallucinogens LSD as a sacrament of his religion

The Nature of Hallucinogens Besides the traditional hallucinogens (such as LSD), high doses of anticholinergics, cocaine, amphetamines, and steroids can cause hallucinations

The Nature of Hallucinogens These drugs most certainly influence the complex inner workings of the human mind and have been described as psychedelic, or psychotogenic psychotogenic are described as substances that initiate psychotic behavior

Sensory and Psychological Effects In general, LSD is considered the prototype agent against which other hallucinogens are measured “A single trip,” or, more likely, will pass through only some. These states are as follows: Heightened, exaggerated senses Loss of control Self-reflection Loss of identity and a sense of cosmic merging

Sensory Altered senses Loss of control Self-reflection Loss of identity and cosmic merging

Altered Senses (Experience of Solomon Snyder) After 30 minutes, some mild nausea Objects took on purplish ting and appeared to be vaguely outlined. Colors, textures, and lines achieved an unexpected richness

Snyder Cont’d Synesthesia- a subjective sensation or image of a sense other than the one being stimulated, such as an auditory sensation caused by a visual stimulus

Loss of Control User will cannot determine whether the psychedelic trip will be a pleasant, relaxing experience or a “bad trip” A bad trip can “replay” the frightening experiences at a later time. This is known as a “flashback” Flashback- recurrences of earlier drug-induces sensory experiences in the absence of the drug

Self Reflection User becomes aware of thoughts and feelings long hidden beneath the surface, forgotten and /or repressed

Loss of Identity and Cosmic Merging “I am no longer” One’s skin ceases to be a boundary between self and others

Mechanisms of Action Double-edged sword Positive versus negative responses Hallucinogens act at a common CNS site to exert their psychedelic effects. This has not been proven

Types of hallucinogenic agents DOM MDA MDMA These agents vary in their hallucinogen or stimulant properties. MDA is more like amphetamines and MDMA is more like LSD

Third major group The third major group of hallucinogens comprises the anticholinergic drugs, which block some of the receptors for the neurotransmitter in the brain

LSD Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Relatively a new drug Ergotism- poisoning by toxic substances from the ergot fungus Eating grains contaminated by the ergot fungus Fungus produces compounds related to LSD, called the Ergot alkaloids

Albert Hofmann 1938, Albert Hofmann, a Swiss scientist worked on ergot compounds in a search for medical value He was trying to synthesize a drug to study psychosis

Albert Hofmann

LSD LSD requires skills of a trained chemist Synthesis and Administration, LSD is a complex molecule that requires about 1 week to be synthesized LSD requires skills of a trained chemist

LSD 1960s the dose was about 150 to 300 mg The typical dose today is 20 to 30 micrograms 1960s the dose was about 150 to 300 mg The effects of LSD begins within 30 to 90 minutes and can last up to 12 hours Threshold 20 ug Light 25 - 75 ug Common 50 - 150 ug Strong 150 - 400 ug Heavy 400 + ug The chart shows dosages for pure LSD measured in micrograms (ug). Micrograms are 1/1,000,000 of a gram.

LSD The most common form of LSD is paper blotter divided into about 1/4" squares called tabs. A single tab usually contains between 30 - 100 ug of LSD. Paper blotters are created by taking a sheet of absorbant paper (usually decorated and perforated) and soaking it in a dilution of lysergic acid diethylamide. 

Adverse Psychedelic Effects No typical pattern of response to LSD Experience varies for each user Psychotic adverse reaction (freakout) Non-psychotic adverse reaction

Perceptual Effects Many kinds of unusual illusions can occur Brain’s sensory processing is altered Many kinds of unusual illusions can occur Time distorted An experience can be incredibly beautiful and uplifting, or unpleasant

Negative LSD-related Flashbacks Body trip Bad mind trip Altered visual perception

Mescaline (peyote) Used for centuries Francisco Hernandez Mescaline is one of approximately 30 psychoactive chemicals that have been isolated from the peyote cactus Used for centuries Francisco Hernandez King Philip II of Spain Mescaline is perhaps 1000 to 3000 times less potent than LSD and about 30 times less potent than other common hallucinogens such as psilocybin

Peyote

Mescaline’s Effects Increased body temp Anxiety Visual hallucinations Dilation of the pupils “Mydriasis” Increased body temp Anxiety Visual hallucinations Alteration of body image Users report losing all awareness of time

Mescaline’s Effects Within 30 to 120 minutes after ingestion, mescaline reaches a maximum concentration in the brain. Effect may persist for 9 to 10 hours

Psilocybin Psilocybin and psilocyn are the hallucinogenic principles contained in certain mushrooms. These “magic” mushrooms are generally grown in Mexico and Central America and have been used in native rituals for thousands of years

“magic” mushrooms

Psilocybin First used more than 2000 years ago by early natives of Central America However, Guatemala, statues of mushrooms that date back to 100 B.C. Can be eaten, or brewed

Psilocybin 1958, Albert Hofmann extracted psilocybin during his experiment with LSD. During his research he ate 32 mushrooms to feel the effects Timothy Leary also carried out a series of experiments using psilocybin

DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) Short acting hallucinogen found in the seeds of certain leguminous trees native to the West Indies and parts of South America Known as the “businessman’s lunch break drug

Foxy Low doses can cause euphoria Relatively new hallucinogen. Uses at raves and clubs in Arizona, California, New York, and Florida Low doses can cause euphoria High doses, its effects are similar to LSD

Nutmeg Was used in prisons, no longer available to inmates High doses of nutmeg can be quite intoxicating Was used in prisons, no longer available to inmates Contains about 5 to 15% of myristica oil which is responsible for the physical effects

Anticholinergic Scopolamine sco/pol/a/mine Hyoscyamine hyo/scya/mine Substances that are present in plants and herbs found around the world Scopolamine sco/pol/a/mine Hyoscyamine hyo/scya/mine Atropine atro/pine

Atropa Belladonna

Mandragora The mandrake

Hyoscyamus “Henbane”

Jimsonweed See last slide Datura has been used in traditional medicine to relieve asthma symptoms and as an analgesic during surgery or bonesetting.

PCP

Pcp http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2d1a7z5ctH4&list=PLB7944D5D5B24C142

PCP Developed in the late 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic Phencyclidine is considered to be (by many) experts as the most dangerous of the hallucinogens Developed in the late 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic Effective, but it has serious side effects

PCP Can be taken orally, smoked, sniffed, or injected Can last for up to 18 hours Can be taken orally, smoked, sniffed, or injected Smoking PCP the high usually lasts about 4 to 6 hours, followed by a 6 to 24 hour “comedown”

PCP Flushing, excessive sweating, blank stare Effects: Flushing, excessive sweating, blank stare Nystagmus, increased blood pressure and heart rate, double vision, dizziness, nausea, vomiting. Super human strength, Godlike and powerful, violent behavior

PCP http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iw15hUj3OXM&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLZq5GGPxws&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4pIxnuUG1k&feature=related

Extra Credit assignment Datura stramonium, known by the common names jimsonweed or Devil's snare, is a plant in the nightshade family. It is believed to have originated in Mexico, but has now become naturalized in many other regions. These plants grow wildly in empty lots throughout Riverside and other counties. Find the plant, take a picture and bring it in next week Worth 20 points

Questions???