Chapter 14:BLOOD

RBC’s surface contains anitgens (proteins) Plasma contains antibodies which will react with antigens Antibody A (anti-A) will react with antigen A Antibody B (anti-B) will react with antigen B. When they react, agglutination or clumping occurs

Blood Types Group A – has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma) Group B – has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma) Group AB – has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma) Group O – has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma)

1. What type of tissue is blood? 2. What is the most common blood type in USA? 3. If B- patient enters the hospital, what kind of blood can they receive? 4. If 1 parent is Type O and the other is Heterozygous A, what are the chances their offspring will have Type A blood? 5.see board 1. connective, O, B- and O -, 50%, A+

A AB O Blood Type Antigen (in RBC’s) Antibody (in plasma) Receives Donates A B A,O A, AB B, O B, AB AB Both None A, B, AB, O O O, A, B, AB

RH Factor Can Receive Can Donate + -, + -

In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a third antigen called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent ( – ). In general, Rh negative blood is given to Rh-negative patients, and Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood may be given to Rh positive patients. The universal red cell donor has Type O negative blood type. The universal plasma donor has Type AB blood type.

Red Blood Cell Disorders

Polycythemia Excess RBCs Makes blood thick Easier to clot

ANEMIA Iron-Deficiency Anemia (most common) Lack of RBCs Symptoms? What should be in the diet? Fatigue, pallor (paleness), fast heartbeat, weakness

Other Types of Anemia Aplastic Anemia – bone marrow does not produce enough RBC Hemorrhagic anemia – due to extreme blood loss Pernicious anemia – B12 deficiency Sickle Cell Anemia (genetic)

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA Genetic Disorder Abnormally shaped blood cells Parents can be carriers (asymptomatic)

Sickle Cell Anemiat AA = normal Aa = sickle cell trait (few symptoms) aa = sickle cell anemia

If both parents are carriers, child has a ¼ chance of having the disease

Complications Pain Lethargic Lifelong anemia (low red blood count) Organ failure Stroke

White Blood Cell Disorders

Leukemia Type of cancer Uncontrolled/Overproduction of immature white blood cells Takes the place of RBCs Treatable with bone marrow transplants, chemotherapy, radiation

Blood Smear of a patient with Leukemia

Blood Smear; Leukemia

Infectious mononucleosis Sometimes called "mono" or "the kissing disease," is an infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV is very common, and many people have been exposed to the virus at some time in childhood. An extremely HIGH WBC count is present.

Low WBC count viruses Flu Measles Mumps

General Blood Disorders

Thrombus and Embolus Both are undesirable clot formation. When blood clots it is often known as agglutination or coagulate. To prevent blood from clotting, an anticoagulate is often given. Ex: Aspirin, Heparin, Coumadin Thrombus – a stationary clot Embolus – a moving

Blood poisoning - Septicemia An infection enters the blood stream Can be deadly Treated with antibiotics

Thrombocytopenia Low production of Platelets Causing bleeding or bruising

HEMOPHILIA This disorder causes a failure of the blood to clot. Patients can be treated with blood transfusions that include clotting agents.

Hemophilia is carried on the X chromosome Females X H X H normal X H X h carrier X h X h hemophiliac Males X H Y normal X h Y hemophiliac

Queen Victoria Carrier for Hemophilia

Pedigree of Hemophilia