1. Blood

2. Blood Considered to be a “fluid” tissue Comprised of 2 things:
Formed elements: think cells
Plasma: nonliving fluid

3. Formed Elements Erythrocytes AKA red blood cells (RBCs)
Function to transport oxygen in the blood to all cells in the body
Protein called hemoglobin found within the RBC allows for this
Where are these formed?
Red marrow of bones in the epiphysis

4. Too Little? Too Much? Anemia
Caused by a decrease in oxygen-carrying ability in the blood as a result of:
Lower than normal number of RBCs
Abnormal hemoglobin content
Too Much?
Polycythemia
Caused by an increase in number of RBCs as a result of
Bone marrow cancer
Living at high altitudes

5. Formed Elements Leukocytes AKA white blood cells (WBCs)
Body’s defense against infection—the immune system
Come in many different types that have specific functions in terms of fighting disease

6. Too much? Too little? Leukocytosis
Indicative of bacterial or viral infection
This is a good thing!
If leukocytes are prevalent but abnormal, then you have leukemia
Too little?
Leukopenia
Commonly caused by certain drugs or anticancer agents
Could also be caused by autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythymatosus and Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

7. Plasma 55% of blood by volume
Composed of dissolved nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, plasma proteins, and cellular waste
Also includes antibodies

8. Plasma Donation You can sell your plasma!
CSL Plasma will allow you to donate when you are 18
Your plasma donation will go towards hemophiliacs and people will immune or blood disorders

9. Hemophilia
This is a congenital, genetic condition that causes a person to lack certain clotting factors
Makes them prone to bleeding and bruising
Treatment=blood transfusion
Prior to the 1980s, blood was not screened for diseases like hepatitis and HIV, both of which are blood borne

10. Bad Blood: A Cautionary Tale

11. The junction between blood and immunity
Blood Types
The junction between blood and immunity

12. RBCs There are different blood types
A, B, AB, and O
The types get their names from the antigen found on their membranes
An antigen is just a protein that the body can recognize as being foreign
They can illicit an immune response

13. Blood transfusion possibilities
RBCs
Your immune system AUTOMATICALLY creates antibodies to protect itself from foreign things
If you are type A blood, you have the type A antigen on the outside of your RBCs and you have anti-B antibodies
Let’s make a table!
Blood type
Antigen
Antibody
Blood transfusion possibilities A
Anti B
A, O B AB O

14. antibodies
Antibodies are proteins that protect the body from foreign antigens
There are many different classes that are found in different places and provide different functions
However, they all have a common structure
Y-shaped

15. Antibodies Structure Constant region
Can be compared to the handle of a key
Help determine which type of antibody you are dealing with
Example: A house key looks very different from a car key

16. Variable region
Form the antigen binding site that is uniquely shaped to “fit” certain antigens
When an antibody recognizes an antigen, it elicits an immune response and can cause those foreign antigens to clump together
This is called agglutination

17. Question
Where have we heard this before????
Endocrine System!!!!!

18. Rh Factor
Rh factor is just another antigen found on the surface of the RBCs
We do not automatically carry anti-Rh+ factor
We have to be exposed to it a first time in order to create these antibodies

19. Symbol Inventory A antigen = circle B antigen = triangle
Rh antigen = cross

20. Whiteboard Practice!!!

21. Draw Me a Picture What would a type A+ RBC look like?
What about a type A- RBC?
What would an anti-Rh+ antibody look like?
What are all of the possible blood types you can have?

22. Note: Rh+ people CAN receive Rh- blood
Since the Rh- blood does not have any foreign antigens, the recipient doesn’t know the difference
How is this similar to what we learned about the other blood types?
Type O = universal donor
Question: Could an Rh- person receive Rh+ blood?
The Rh- people would recognize the Rh+ blood as being foreign

23. Pregnancy and Rh Rh is a big deal when it comes to Rh-mothers
Mother and child often have exchanges of blood during labor
If an Rh- mother is exposed to Rh+ blood, what happens?
She starts to make antibodies, just like we do when we are exposed to the common cold
What happens when she becomes pregnant with another Rh+ baby?
She will begin to destroy all of the baby’s RBC because they are “foreign” to her
Known as Rh disease

24. Rh Factor-RhoGAM to the Rescue!
RhoGAM is an immune serum that prevents the production of anti-Rh+ antibodies
Given to mothers carrying their second child who is Rh+

25. Blood Transfusions
It is extremely important that the correct blood type is used during transfusions
If two blood types mix, such as blood from a type A person and blood from a type B, the blood agglutinates
This means it gets really thick and will damage the person’s kidneys
This can lead to serious injuries and even death
Similarly, if an Rh- person gets injected with Rh+ blood, the same results will happen

26. Blood Typing How they work Take a sample of blood
Add Anti-A/B/R+ serum to the sample
The serum is just antibodies; hence, adding anti-A serum would be adding anti-A antibodies
View results
If there is no change to the blood sample, then that means the sample is negative for the antigen
Blood sample + Anti-A serum = no change MEANS that the sample does not contain the A antigen and is NOT type A or type AB blood
If the sample agglutinates (gets clumpy), then it means that the sample is positive for the antigen
Blood sample + Anti-A serum = agglutination MEANS that the sample contains the A antigen
The sample could be type A or type AB blood
More tests would be needed to decide between the 2