1. Blood

2. Blood
Artery
White blood cells
Platelets
Red blood cells

3. Function Blood Deliver O2 Remove metabolic wastes
Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume
Protection from blood loss- platelets
Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC
Transport hormones

4. Blood
Plasma-55%
Buffy coat-<1%
Formed elements-45%

5. Blood Plasma Components-55%
90% Water
8% Solutes:
Proteins
Albumin (60 %)
Alpha and Beta Globulins
Gamma Globulins
fibrinogens
Gas
Electrolytes

6. Blood Plasma Components
Organic Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Lipids
Vitamins
Hormones
Metabolic waste
CO2
Urea

7. Buffy Coat- <1%
Leukocytes
Platelets

8. Formed Elements of the Blood-45%
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

9. Erythrocytes

10. Erythrocyte7.5m in dia
·   Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however, repro in red bone marrow
·   Hematopoiesis- production of RBC
·   Function- transport respiratory gases
·   Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2  chains and 2  chains
·   Lack mitochondria. Why?
·  1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules
·   Men- 5 million cells/mm3
·   Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3
·   Life span days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)

11. Hemoglobin

12. Blood Cell Production

13. RBC Diseases
Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency.
Factors that can cause anemia-
Exercise- causes need for more hemoglobin and also sweat includes iron
B12 deficiency

14. RBC Diseases Sickle-cell anemia-
Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans.
Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial.

15. RBC Diseases
Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes,  viscosity of blood;
8-11 million cells/mm3
Usually caused by cancer; however, naturally occurs at high elevations
Blood doping- in athletesremove blood 2 days before event and then replace it- banned by Olympics.

16. Types of Leukocytes Granulocytes Neutrophils- 40-70% Eosinophils- 1-4%
4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3
Never let monkeys eat bananas
Granulocytes
Neutrophils %
Eosinophils- 1-4%
Basophils- <1%
Agranulocytes
Monocytes- 4-8%
Lymphocytes %

17. Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
platelet
Neutrophil
Monocyte

18. ID WBC’s

19. WBC Diseases Mononucleosis Leukopenia Leukemias
Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced
Leukemias
Cancerous conditions involving WBCs
Named according to the abnormal WBC clone involved
Mononucleosis
highly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks

20. Platelets Stem cell Developmental pathway Hemocyto- blast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Platelets
Figure 17.12

21. Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding
Platelets: 250, ,000 cells/mm3
Tissue Damage
Clotting Factors
Platelet Plug

22. Hemostasis: Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation
4. Coagulation

23. Hemostasis (+ feedback)
Clotting Factors
thromboplastin
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Traps RBC & platelets
Platelets release thromboplastin

24. Blood Clot
RBC
Platelet
Fibrin thread

25. Disorders of Hemostasis
Thromboembolytic disorders: undesirable clot formation
Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

26. Thromboembolytic Conditions
Thrombus: clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
May block circulation, leading to tissue death
Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream
Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen
Cerebral emboli can cause strokes

27. Thromboembolytic Conditions
Prevented by
Aspirin
Antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2
Heparin
Anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care

28. Bleeding Disorders
Thrombocytosis- too many platelets due to inflammation, infection or cancer
Thrombocytopenia- too few platelets
causes spontaneous bleeding
due to suppression or destruction of bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation)
Platelet count <50,000/mm3 is diagnostic
Treated with transfusion of concentrated platelets

29. Impaired liver function
Bleeding Disorders
Impaired liver function
Inability to synthesize procoagulants
Causes include vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, and cirrhosis
Liver disease can also prevent the liver from producing bile, impairing fat and vitamin K absorption

30. Bleeding Disorders
Hemophilias include several similar hereditary bleeding disorders
Symptoms include prolonged bleeding, especially into joint cavities
Treated with plasma transfusions and injection of missing factors

31. Hemophiliac- a sex-linked recessive trait, primarily carried by males (x chromosome)

32. Blood Types
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O

33. Blood Typing
Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B
Blood type Antigen Antibody
A A anti-B
B B anti-A
A & B AB no anti body
Neither A or B O anti-A and anti-B
Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane
Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens.
They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination)

34. Type A b b b b b b b

35. Type B a a a a a a a

36. Type O a b a a a b b a a b

37. Type AB

38. Rh Factor and Pregnancy
                                                                                                             
RH+ indicates protein
RH+ indicates protein
RH- indicates no protein

39. Rh Factor and Pregnancy
Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- father– no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem
RhoGAM 28 weeks

40. Type AB- universal recipients Type O- universal donor Rh factor:
Rh factor:
Rh+ 85% dominant in pop
Rh- 15% recessive
Blood Type Clumping Antibody
A antigen A anti-A serum antibody anti-b
B antigen B anti-B serum antibody anti-a
AB antigen A & B anti A & B serum -
O neither A or B no clumping w/ either anti A or B anti-a, anti-b

41. Blood Type & Rh
How Many Have It
Frequency O
Rh Positive
1 person in 3
37.4%
Rh Negative
1 person in 15
6.6% A
35.7%
1 person in 16
6.3% B
1 person in 12
8.5%
1 person in 67
1.5% AB
1 person in 29
3.4%
1 person in 167
.6%

42. ABO Blood Types
Phenotype Genotype
O i i
A I A I A or I A i
B I B I B or I B i
AB I A I B

43. Punnett square
Type A and Type B cross IB i IA
IAIB
IAi IA
IAIB
IAi

44. Bozeman Video - Blood Types