One of the first to develop a theory of personality. His theory proposed psycho- sexual stages of development and that our personality was composed of three parts – the ID, Ego, and Superego Sigmund Freud

Identification the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos Fixation a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at any psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved

Terror-Management Theory Freud believes we have defenses against anxiety Faith in one’s worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provides protection against a deeply rooted fear of death. This anxiety intensifies prejudices

Neo-Freudian theorist who proposed the Previous Page Next   Neo-Freudian theorist who proposed the idea of “inferiority complex” . Believed much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority. Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian who criticized Freud’s assumptions about women. Her view of the development of personality centered around our desire for love and security that was triggered by childhood anxiety and a sense of helplessness. Karen Horney

Neo-Freudian theorist who emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development and in dream interpretation. Carl Jung Mandela

Jung believed the collective unconscious was the source of all inspirations and instincts and is the knowledge and understanding of myths and symbols throughout history and across cultures. Within this collective unconscious are archetypes-images that have been found thoughout history and across cultures. These archetypes (universal thought forms and feelings) link humanity…some concepts are that of “God”, “Great Mother” “Father”, “Hero”, “Trickster”, “Wise Owl”.

Persona A mask people wear to hide what they really are or what they really feel Jung first to describe introverts and extraverts

Developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (1930s) as another projective test to assess personality. Henry Murray

Swiss psychiatrist who introduced the inkblot test in 1921 as a projective test to assess personality characteristics. Hermann Rorschach

Believed that people were basically good and were endowed with self-actualizing tendencies. Proposed using “unconditional positive regard” to nurture growth in individuals. Carl Rogers A acceptance G genuineness E empathy

Humanist who developed theory of Hierarchy of Needs and the concept of self-actualization as motivating forces that drive us. Abraham Maslow

Fellow humanist who dissented against mainstream humanistic psychology because it failed to appreciated the human capacity for evil. Rollo May

Personality Review Visited Freud (1919), rejected the psychoanalytic and behavioral approach to personality. Developed “trait” theory of personality. Gordon Allport

Contemporary Research-- The Trait Perspective Factor Analysis theorists use this to identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits

William Sheldon Somatotyping (body typing) 1. Endomorph— plump, relaxed, jolly (Santa Claus) Ectomorph— high strung and solitary (Sherlock Holmes) 3. Mesomorph— bold and physically active (Superman)

British psychologists who believed that our personalities can be described by basic dimensions using extraversion- introversion and stability and instability indicators. Hans and Sybil Eysenck

BIG FIVE PERSONALITY FACTORS (McCrae and Costa) C conscientiousness A agreeableness N neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability) O openness E extraversion

Developed a personality indicator that bears their names and is widely used. Includes Carl Jung’s personality types. Referred to as the MBTI. Isabel Briggs Myers and Kathleen Briggs

The most widely used personality test is the MMPI – Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory One if its creators was Starke Hathaway Originally developed to identify emotional disorders

Proposed the social-cognitive perspective on personality- described the process of “reciprocal determinism” Also known for his “bobo” doll experiment Albert Bandura

Associated with the ideas of external and internal locus of control and its importance to our perception of ourselves. First to use the term “social learning theory” (IU grad) Devised a locus of control personality test. Julian Rotter

Attributional (explanatory) Style How one characteristically explains positive or negative events One may have a positive or negative attributional style

Exploring the Self Spotlight Effect Self Esteem Self-Serving Bias overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders Self Esteem one’s feelings of high or low self-worth Self-Serving Bias readiness to perceive oneself favorably Self-efficacy – belief that people have about their ability to meet demands of a specific situation

Exploring the Self Morality Defined by individuals Defined by social networks (self-based) (duty-based) Attributing Behavior reflects one’s personality Behavior reflects social behaviors and attitudes and roles Value Contrasts Between Individualism and Collectivism Concept Individualism Collectivism Self Independent Interdependent (identity from individual traits) identity from belonging) Life task Discover and express one’s Maintain connections, fit in uniqueness What matters Me--personal achievement and We-group goals and solidarity; fullfillment; rights and liberties social responsibilities and relationships Coping method Change reality Accommodate to reality Relationships Many, often temporary or casual; Few, close and enduring; confrontation acceptable harmony valued

Barnum Effect Barnum Effect believing a horoscope describes you when its very generic. "There's a Sucker Born Every Minute"

Conducted studies on learned helplessness and became a leader in the field of Positive psychology. Wrote a book called Learned Optimism. Martin Seligman