1. Taken from: James A. McCubbin, PhD
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
Personality
Taken from: James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers

2. What is Personality? Personality
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
basic perspectives
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic

3. The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freud’s theory which proposes that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality

4. The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

5. The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Free Association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious
person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

6. The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories
contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware

7. Personality StructureID Id
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy
strives to satisfy basic survival, sexual, and aggressive drives
operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

8. Personality Structure
Superego
provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations
The voice of conscience that forces the ego to consider not only the real but the ideal, and focuses solely on how one ought to behave
Superego

9. Personality Structure
Ego
operates on the reality principle
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality
mediates among the impulsive demands of the id, the restraining demands of the superego, and the real-life demands of the external world
seeks to gratify the id’s impulses in realistic ways that will bring long-term pleasure rather than pain or destruction
EGO

10. Personality Structure
Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure

11. Personality Development
Psychosexual Stages
the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Oedipus Complex
a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

12. Personality Development
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Stage Focus
Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth--
(0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing
Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder
(18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for control
Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with
(3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings
Latency Dormant sexual feelings
(6 to puberty)
Genital Maturation of sexual interests
(puberty on)

13. Personality Development
Identification
the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
Fixation
a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved

14. Defense Mechanisms Repression Regression Defense Mechanisms Projection
the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Projection
Displacement
Reaction Formation
Rationalization

15. Defense Mechanisms Repression Regression
defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Regression
defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

16. Defense Mechanisms Reaction Formation
defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

17. Defense Mechanisms Projection Rationalization
defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Rationalization
defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions

18. Defense Mechanisms Displacement
defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

19. The Neo-Freudian & Psychodynamic Theorists
Alfred Adler
importance of childhood social tension
Karen Horney
sought to balance Freud’s masculine biases
Carl Jung
emphasized the collective unconscious
concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

20. Assessing the Unconscious
Projective Test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

21. Assessing the Unconscious--TAT
This clinician presumes that the hopes, fears, and interests expressed in this boy’s descriptions of a series of ambiguous pictures in the TAT are projections of his inner feelings

22. Assessing the Unconscious
Rorschach Inkblot Test
the most widely used projective test
a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach
seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

23. Assessing the Unconscious--Rorschach
In this projective test, people tell what they see in a series of symmetrical inkblots.
Some who use this test are confident that the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli will reveal unconscious aspects of the test - taker's personality.
Others use it as an icebreaker or to supplement other information.

24. Humanistic Perspective
Abraham Maslow ( )
studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln)

25. Humanistic Perspective
Self-Actualization
the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psycholo- gical needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

26. Humanistic Perspective
Carl Rogers ( )
focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals
genuineness
acceptance
empathy

27. Humanistic Perspective
Unconditional Positive Regard
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Self-Concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “Who am I?”

28. The Trait Perspective Trait Personality Inventory
a characteristic pattern of behavior
a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
Personality Inventory
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
used to assess selected personality traits

29. The Trait Perspective
Mapmakers can tell us a lot by using two axes (north - south and east - west).
Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck use two primary personality factors-extraversion - introversion and stability - instability-as axes for describing personality variation.
Varying combinations define other, more specific traits. (From Eysenck & Eysenck, 1963.)

30. The Trait Perspective
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests
originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use)
now used for many other screening purposes

31. The Trait Perspective

32. Social-Cognitive Perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context

33. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Reciprocal Determinism
the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
Different people choose different environments
Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events
Our personalities help create situations to which we react

34. Social-Cognitive Perspective

35. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Personal Control
our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless
External Locus of Control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate
Internal Locus of Control
the perception that one controls one’s own fate

36. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Michael Devlin (kidnapper)
Learned Helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Shawn Hornbeck
Ben Ownby

37. Exploring the Self Spotlight Effect Self Esteem Self-Serving Bias
overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
Self Esteem
one’s feelings of high or low self- worth
Self-Serving Bias
readiness to perceive oneself favorably

38. The End!!