Canadian Culture http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRI-A3vakVg&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1CwZgb_iAI

Protecting Canadian Culture Massey Commission National Film Board strengthened CBC TV Canada Council CRTC FIRA

1. Massey Commission 1949 - Because of large influence of Hollywood and US media in general, the Canadian government established the Massey Commission to investigate the state of Canadian culture 1951 – Commission reported that Canadian culture needed to be protected from US influences – recommended that the National Film Board (est. in 1939) be strengthened and that the federal government become involved in funding universities and the arts Massey Commission - 1949

2. CBC TV 1952 – CBC Television established (CBC Radio Established in 1936) 1st to appear on CBC TV – Percy Saltzman

3. Canada Council 1957 –based on the Massey Commission’s recommendations– Canada Council was established to award tax-funded grants to writers, artists, and theatres National Ballet and Royal Winnipeg ballet – soon won international acclaim well-known authors emerged – Robertson Davies, Margaret Lawrence and W.O. Mitchell Largest arts grant to an individual is $10,000 to Helen Creighton (here in Nova Scotia in 1955) to transcribe folk tunes on tape at the National Museum.

4. CRTC 1952 – CBC put in charge of development of television 1968 – established the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) agency that regulates the amount of foreign material broadcast over the airwaves and imposes rules requiring “Canadian Content” (Cancon) Bryan Adams Not Canadian? CBC Archives http://archives.cbc.ca/arts_entertainment/media/topics/1150/

5. FIRA 1973 – Trudeau established the Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA) To approve the establishment of any new foreign companies in Canada Intended to target American investment & protect Canadian industries Not For Sale

Developing Canadian Culture 1. PM Louis St Laurent (1948-1957) Trans-Canada Highway, St Lawrence Seaway, and Trans-Canada Pipeline All linked Canada in new ways geographically and economically Newfoundland joined Confederation (1949) Joey Smallwood (right) – 1st Premier of Nfld

2. PM John Diefenbaker (1957-1963) Raised pensions for elderly & disabled* (*Social Safety Net) Gave financial aid to farmers ***1960 – created the Canadian Bill of Rights – guaranteed all basic freedoms to Canadians Freedom of speech, worship & assembly Gave Aboriginals the Right to Vote in Federal Elections Dief with Bill of Rights

3. PM Lester B. Pearson (1963-1968) Before PM – Minister of External Affairs – won Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for UN Emergency Force suggestion in Suez Crisis 1963 - Appointed Royal Commission on Bilingualism & Biculturalism (“Bi and Bi Commission”) to look into French-English Relations Discovered that French-Canadians did not receive the same benefits as English-Canadians outside of Quebec (i.e. jobs in gov.) Bi and Bi Commission

Tommy Douglas and the CCF 1st introduced Medicare in Saskatchewan Pearson – con’t 1965 - Introduced the Canada Pension Plan* (*Social Safety Net) 1966 – introduced Medicare* for all Canadians (*Social Safety Net) Tommy Douglas and the CCF 1st introduced Medicare in Saskatchewan PM Pearson

1965 – Pearson introduced Canada’s new national flag (no longer with British ensign) Flag hotly debated in 1964 – those who wanted to honour British heritage outraged Flag became a declaration of both independence and unique identity

4. PM Pierre Elliot Trudeau (1968-1979; 1980 -1984) “Trudeaumania” –charismatic – treated like a rock star

Trudeau – cont’ His vision: a “just society” – equality for all also strong advocate of individual freedom – believed gov. should not interfere with personal liberties 1969 – implemented Official Languages Act made Canada truly Bilingual and Bicultural – hoped it would help Quebec feel more a part of Canada

Trudeau – cont’ Emphasized increased independence from USA militarily (i.e. cut back on NATO forces), economically (i.e. FIRA), and politically (established ties with communist China and Cuba despite US protests)

Trudeau – cont’ Focus: Foreign Aid to Developing Countries While the Cold War politically split the world between the East and West, an economic gap separated the rich North from the poor South. The Trudeau government aimed to promote world peace, he believed the North should be helping countries struck with poverty in the South to develop their economies and improve living conditions. This became known as a policy of “Trade and Aid” of Trudeau’s foreign policy.

Foreign Aid - CIDA In 1968 the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) was formed to boost foreign aid to less industrialized countries (countries receiving aid would agree to buy products from Canada, which is called “tied aid”)

Multiculturalism With changes to immigration policy came changes to the composition of Canadian society 1971 – Trudeau adopted a policy of multiculturalism Helped schools set up new courses Promoted multicultural events Set up a council to study issues Multiculturalism became law with the Multicultural Act of 1988 (PM Mulroney)

Canada Health Act - 1984 Canada Health Act (1984) Canada’s Health insurance legislation Guidelines to ensure all citizens have euql access to services Doctors and hospitals not allowed to charge user fees Each province received $$ from the federal government through transfer payments Pro of system – EVERYONE has Access Con of system – VERY expensive to administer

1982 - Repatriation of Constitution & Charter of Rights and Freedoms Trudeau’s most valuable contribution to Canadian Society: Repatriation of Constitution and Charter of Rights and Freedoms Brought constitution home from Britain with Canada Act (1982) and Constitution Act (1982) Trudeau and Queen Elizabeth II signing Canada Act

Constitution & Charter Repatriation of constitution occurred in part due to a promise Trudeau had made to Quebec during the 1980 referendum Ironically, in the end, Quebec was the only province to not “sign off” on the new constitution and amending formula, thus leaving Quebec out of the constitutional process Outcome opposite of what Trudeau intended: more tensions with French Canada

Trudeau – negative legacy During the 1970s High inflation - introduced price and wage controls – angered many OPEC Crisis – 1972 Raised price of oil from $6 a barrel to $16 Unemployment high at same time Led to unions demanding higher wages – gov. went into debt

OPEC Crisis http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/energy_production/clips/2139/

Trudeau – negative legacy Western Alienation – NEP In response to the OPEC Crisis – Trudeau implemented the National Energy Policy (NEP) - 1980 Froze Alberta oil prices below world levels to keep the cost of oil down for Canadians Also imposed a tariff on oil sold to the USA to make up for oil imported from OPEC countries Elicited angry reactions from Alberta because were prevented from getting fair market value for their oil Led to feelings of Western Alienation (Central government acting out of self-interest rather than region’s interests)

PM Brian Mulroney (1984-1993) Developed very close relationship with USA economically and President Reagan personally Led to Free Trade Agreement (1987) and North American Free Trade Agreement (1992; ratified in 1994)

Mulroney – Constitutional Accords Focus of time in office: attempt to resolve the divisive issue of national unity As Quebec was the only province that did not sign the new Canadian constitution = Mulroney wanted to include Quebec in a new agreement with the rest of Canada 1987, he negotiated the Meech Lake Accord with the provincial premiers, a package of constitutional amendments designed to satisfy Quebec's demand for recognition as a "distinct society" within Canada, and to devolve some powers to the provinces Unfortunately – Meech Lake did not pass

Mulroney – Constitutional Accords 1991-92 Charlottetown Accord – next attempt outlined extensive changes to the constitution, including recognition of Quebec as a distinct society agreement overwhelmingly defeated in a national referendum in October 1992 Failure of Charlottetown sparked a revival of Quebec separatism and another Quebec Referendum in 1995

Mulroney – cont’ 1992 - decline of cod stocks in Atlantic Canada led the Mulroney government to impose a moratorium on the cod fishery Put an end to a large portion of the Newfoundland fishing industry, and caused serious economic hardship Reinforced feelings of REGIONALISM, as many blamed the federal government for mishandling the issue http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/energy_production/clips/2139/ To the last Fish http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/natural_resources/topics/1595/