Historical Evolution of Transportation Concept 1 Historical Evolution of Transportation Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transport Revolutions in Human History Era Date Mobility Paleolithic c. 700,000 years ago First migrations from Africa c. 35,000 years ago First migrations by sea to Australasia c. 18,000 years ago First migrations to the Americas Agrarian c. 4,000 BC Animal-powered transport c. 3,500 BC Wheeled transport c. 1,500 BC Long distance navigation in Polynesia c. 1,000 BC Roads and canals Modern From 15th century Improvements in shipbuilding and navigation From early 19th century Railways and steamships From late 19th century Internal combustion engines From early 20th century Air travel From mid 20th century Space travel Source: adapted from R. Gilbert and A. Perl (2007) Transport Revolutions: Moving people and freight without oil, London: Earthscan / James & James Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Silk Road and Arab Sea Routes (8th to 14th Centuries) Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Roman Road Network, 200 AD Atlantic Ocean Black Sea Adriatic Sea Mediterranean Ocean 500 km Red Sea Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Grand Canal System Yellow Sea East China Sea Beijing Jizhou Luoyang Tonghui Canal (Yuan) Yongji Canal (Sui and Yuan) Yellow Sea Old course of the Yellow River (Song) Jiao-Lai Canal (Yuan) Yongji Canal (Sui) Jizhou Canal (Yuan) Jizhou East China Sea Tongji Canal (Sui) Luoyang Kaifeng Huaiyin Bian Canal (Song) Chuzhou Yangzhou Canal (Song and Yuan) Yangzhou Jiangnan Canal (Sui, Song and Yuan) Suzhou 400 km Hangzhou Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Early European Maritime Expeditions, 1492-1522 Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Eastern and Western Maritime Routes to Asia Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Spanish and Portuguese Empires (1581-1640) Source: adapted from Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1911. The Age of Discovery, 1340-1600. University of Texas at Austin. Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Dutch East India Company, Trade Network, 17th Century Source: adapted from: http://cf.hum.uva.nl/galle/galle/voc_shipping.html Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Turnpikes in Great Britain, Late 18th and Early 19th Century Source: adapted from D. Bogart (2004) "Turnpike Trusts and the Transportation Revolution in Eighteenth Century England", http://orion.oac.uci.edu/~dbogart/transportrev_oct13.pdf Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Major Canals Built 540-1320 Grand Canal Beijing – Hangzhou (2,500 km) 11th Century Naviglio Grande Milan – Adriatic (30 km) 1390-97 Stecknitz Canal Elbe – Trave (11 km) 1604-42 Briare Canal Seine – Loire (58 km) 1667-81 Canal du Midi Garonne – Mediterranean (279 km) 1732 Ladoga canal St. Petersburg – Volga (110 km) 1759-61 Bridgewater Canal Worsley – Manchester (16 km) 1784-1833 Rhine-Rhone canal Strasburg-Mulhouse-Burgundy (319 km) 1810-24 North Sea canal Amsterdam – North Sea (20 km) 1817-25 Erie canal Buffalo – Albany (544 km) 1836-45 Ludwigskanal Main – Danube (172 km) 1838-54 Rhine – Marne canal Saverne gap (314 km) 1859-69 Suez canal Mediterranean – Red Sea (112 km) 1894 Manchester Ship Canal Manchester – Liverpool (64 km) 1887-95 Kiel canal Baltic Sea – North Sea (99 km) 1906-14 Panama canal Atlantic Ocean – Pacific Ocean (80 km) 1905-38 Mittellandkanal Rhine – Elbe (320 km) Source: adapted from Leibrand, K. (1970) Transportation and Town Planning, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, p. 24. Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Impacts of Maury’s Navigation Charts on Sailing Time, 1850s Source: Leighly, J. (ed) (1963) The Physical Geography of the Sea and its Meteorology by Matthew Fontaine Maury, 8th Edition, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. Cited by R.D. Knowles (2005) “Transport Shaping Space”, Fleming Lecture in Transportation Geography, AAG Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado. Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Geographical Impacts of the Suez and Panama Canals Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Effects of the Suez and Panama Canals on Travel Distances (in nautical miles) Source: R.D. Knowles (2005) “Transport Shaping Space”, Fleming Lecture in Transportation Geography, AAG Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado. Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Break-Even Distance between Sail and Steam, 1850-1890 Source: adapted from W.J. Bernstein (2008) A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World, New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, p. 327. Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

World Trade Routes, 1912 Source: U.S. Hydrographic Chart #1262, 1912. W.S. Morison. http://qed.princeton.edu/images/4/4c/Trade_Routes_and_Distances_by_Existing_Lines_and_by_the_Panama_Canal.jpg Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Maritime Journey from Britain to Australia, 1788-1960 Source: Australian National Maritime Museum. Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Evolution of the Railway Network (in km), 1850-1913 Source: Rioux, J-P (1989) La révolution industrielle 1780-1880, Paris: Éditions du Seuil, p. 197. Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Share of the Population in Agriculture, Early Industrial Countries, 1820-1910 Source: Rioux, J-P (1989) La révolution industrielle 1780-1880, Paris: Éditions du Seuil, p. 197. Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Cost and Production of Ford Vehicles, 1908-1924 Source: www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/ford/file.html Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Comparison between a Contemporary and Second World War Tanker Modern VLCC (305 m) 1975 T2 Tanker (153 m) 1942 Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Moore’s Law: Transistors per Microprocessor, 1971-2006 Source: Intel. Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Diffusion of Telecommunication Services, 1985-2008 (in millions) Source: International Telecommunication Union & Internet Systems Consortium. Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Global Motor Vehicle Production per Manufacturer, 1996-2004 Source: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers, http://www.oica.net Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Automobile Production, Selected Countries,1950-2008 (in millions) Source: Worldwatch Institute; International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers, http://www.oica.net Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transport and Spatial Organization Concept 2 Transport and Spatial Organization

Scales of Spatial Organization for Transportation Nodes Links Relations Global Gateways and hubs (airports and ports) Air and maritime lanes Investment, trade and production Regional Cities Corridors (rail lines, highways, canals) Urban system and hinterland Local Employment and commercial activities Roads and transit systems Commuting and distribution Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Core / Periphery Division of the World Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Impact of Transport Cost Reductions on Inequalities Periphery Center C B A Source: Adapted from Goodbody Economic Consultants (2003) Transport and Regional Development. http://www.irishspatialstrategy.ie/docs/pdf/Transport%20and%20Regional%20Development.pdf Inequalities Globalization Transport Costs Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Poles of the Global Economy Western Europe North America East Asia Economies Underdeveloped Developing Newly Industrializing Advanced Oil Export / Rent Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Gateways and Hubs Gateway Hub Corridor Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Major North American Gateways, 2007 Source: BTS. Transport Canada. Economic Analysis Directorate, adapted from Statistics Canada International Trade Data. Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

World’s Major Gateway Systems, 2006 Source: Data compiled by Dr. Kevin O’Connor, The University of Melbourne. Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Main North American Gateways, Corridors and Inland Freight Clusters Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Future Transportation Concept 4 Future Transportation

Evolution of the Transport Technology, 1750-2000 Maritime Road Rail Air 2000 Hydrogen car Maglev Container ships Electric car Jumbo Jet TGV Super tankers Jet Plane 1950 Airfoils Highways Jet engine Helicopters Buses Bulk ships Trucks Planes 1900 Automobile Tramway Source: adapted from Williams, A. (1992) "Transport and the Future", in B.S. Hoyle and R.D. Knowles (1992) Modern Transport Geography, London: Belhaven Press, pp. 257-270. Liners Internal combustion engine Metro Bicycles Dirigibles Iron hulls Balloons Electric motor 1800 Steam engine Docks Omnibus Rails Locks Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Growth of the US Transport System, 19th – 21st Century 4% Canals 1825 Paradigm shift 1836 Peak year 3% Rail 2% Roads 1869 Air 1913 1969 Maglev 1825 Source: adapted from J.H. Ausubel, C. Marchetti, and P. Meyer (1998) “Toward green mobility: the evolution of transport”, European Review, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 137-156. 1836 1891 1946 2001 1% Δt= 55 years Δt= 65 years Δt= 70 years Δt= 30 years 0% 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Development of the UK Transport System, 1750-1990 Source: adapted from M.V. Lowson (1998) “Surface transport history in the UK: analysis and projections”, Proc. Institution of Civil Engineers, Transport., No. 129, Feb., pp. 14 – 19. Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Development of Operational Speed for Major Transport Modes, 1750-2000 (km per hour) 1000 Jet Plane Road Rail 750 Maritime Air 500 HST Propeller Plane 250 Automobile 100 Rail Stage Coach 50 Liner Clipper Ship Containership 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Operational Speed of Contemporary Transport Modes Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

US Household Penetration of Telecommunications, 1920-2008 Source: adapted from The Economist, April 2nd 2005 Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Drivers of Change for Future Transportation Governance Security Regulation / taxation Policy Demography & Society Finance Finance mechanisms Pricing and returns Public / private partnerships Transportation System Population growth Aging / retirement Urbanization Changing work patterns Source: adapted from ICF International (2008), Long Range Strategic Issues Facing the Transportation Industry, Final Future-focused Research Framework, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Project 20-80, Task 2. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/archive/NotesDocs/NCHRP20-80(2)_FR.pdf Energy & Environment Economics Economic growth Global trade Economic integration Transportation costs Energy availability Alternative fuels Climate change Technology Information technologies Materials technology Engine technology Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Potential of Some Transport Innovations Perceived Benefits Potential Beneficiaries Cost Burden Potential Supporters Light Rail Accessibility to CBD; Reduced emissions and energy used per pass. – km; Safety New users; Developers; Landed interests along paths Tax payers, Nearby residents Transit industry; Drivers; Environmental groups; Passengers Road Pricing Reduced congestion and emissions Drivers with high time value Drivers Environmental groups; Collecting institutions Telecommuting Reduced congestion and emissions; Time savings Telecommuters; Commuters Employers; Tax payers (if subsidized) Environmental groups; IT industry; Commuters Source: adapted from Feitelson, E. and I. Salomon (2004) “The Political Economy of Transport Innovations” in M. Beuthe, V. Himanen, A. Reggiani and L. Zamparini, Transport Developments and Innovations in an Evolving World, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 11-26. Copyright © 1998-2009, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.