Living Environment Final Exam Green Review Packet

Define each of the following terms and give two examples of each Define each of the following terms and give two examples of each. Each example must have two organisms. Parasitism - the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage) Example 1: Parasite – mosquito Host - human Example 2: Parasite – deer tick Host – white-tailed deer

Define each of the following terms and give two examples of each Define each of the following terms and give two examples of each. Each example must have two organisms. Mutualism - the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent Example 1: Humming bird (receives nectar) Flower (gets pollinated) Example 2: Cleaning shrimp (receives food) Angelfish (has parasites removed)

Define each of the following terms and give two examples of each Define each of the following terms and give two examples of each. Each example must have two organisms. Commensalism - the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it Example 1: Barnacles (receive transportation and shelter) Sea turtle (no benefit or harm) Example 2: Clown fish (receive shelter) Sea anenome (no benefit or harm)

Define each of the following terms and give two examples of each Define each of the following terms and give two examples of each. Each example must have two organisms. Predator – Prey: predator - any animal that lives by preying on other animals prey - animal hunted or caught for food Example 1: Lion (predator) Zebra (prey) Example 2: Grizzly Bear (predator) Salmon (prey)

Define each of the following terms and give two examples of each Define each of the following terms and give two examples of each. Each example must have two organisms. Saprophytism: an organism, such as fungi or bacteria feeding on dead organic matter Example 1: Bread mold (saprophyte) Bread (organic matter) Example 2: Mushroom (saprophyte) Tree (organic matter)

Define carrying capacity: Define carrying capacity: largest number of individuals in a population that a given environment can support X There are limited amounts of food and shelter available to chipmunks in a given habitat. If there are too many chipmunks, they will eat too much food. There will not be enough food over time and some of the population will die.

Define interspecific competition: a form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resource in an ecosystem. Explain why squirrels and chipmunks using the same food source in a certain habitat is an example of interspecific competition. Squirrels and chipmunks are different species. Both species depend upon the limited amount food produced by the plants found in their habitat. Define intraspecific competition: a form of competition in which members of the same species compete for limited resources. Explain why grey squirrels moving into a forest already occupied by grey squirrelsis cause intraspecific competition. The new grey squirrels will have to find food an shelter in the forest. They will be using the same resources as the original squirrels. Because the resources are limited, the squirrels will have to compete for what is available. In addition to food, list other resources which might lead to competition between organisms: water, shelter, space, light (for plants), nutrients

Examine the food web below and answer the items that follow. 1. Why would a grass fire limit the carrying capacity of the habitat for the hawk(s)? The hawk depends upon the secondary consumers (snakes) and the primary consumers (mice and rabbits). The mice and rabbits depend upon the grass. With less grass available, there will be fewer mice and rabbits over time, which will eventually limit the number of hawks.

2. The death of the mountain lion would quickly lead to an increase in the deer population. However, why would the death of the mountain lion eventually cause the deer population to fall? Use the terms “trees and shrubs” and “carrying capacity in your answer. Deer eat trees and shrubs in the habitat. The carrying capacity is determined by the amount of trees and shrubs available in the habitat. Without a predator, the deer population will grow until it exceeds the carrying capacity. The deer population will then decrease until it stabilizes at its carrying capacity (when there are enough trees and shrubs).

Examine the food web diagrams below Examine the food web diagrams below. Explain why Food Web 1 is more stable than Food Web 2. Use the following terms as part of your answer: “more biodiversity”, “less biodiversity”, “more stable”, “less stable, “if the snails die for some reason, the…” Food Web 1 is more stable, because it has more biodiversity. There are two different producers, four different primary consumers and three different secondary consumers. Food Web 2 is less stable, because it has less biodiversity. There is one producer, one primary consumer, and one secondary consumer. In Food Web 2, If the snails die for some reason, there would not be a source of food for the shorebirds. The number of shorebirds would decrease, which would reduce the number of hawks and coyotes. In Food Web 1, if the snails die for some reason, the shorebirds, raccoons and crabs still have other food sources.

Which term includes all of the others? habitat, prey, den, niche, nesting material, predators, parasites HABITAT Explain, using a definition as part of your answer, why you chose that term to include all the others? A habitat is a place where an organism or a community of organisms lives, including all living and nonliving factors or conditions of the surrounding environment. Predators, prey, and parasites represent a community of organisms. Each organism has a role, or occupies a niche in the habitat. Certain organisms utilize dens for shelter, or require nesting material to breed successfully. These non-living factors are found within the organisms’ habitat.