American Industrialization

Industrial Revolution Manufacturing of the 18th century Hand tools and small- scale manufacturing Agriculture centered economy pushed by the Democratic- Republicans Technology improvements create a shift toward large-scale production Picture is of an iron ore plant in Pennsylvania.

Technology Revolution Spinning jenny Produces many spools of yarn Power loom Wove & pressed thread into cloth Water frame Power machines in factories Advances made it possible for any unskilled workers to produce cloth Patent Law Passed to protect rights of inventors

Factory System & Free Enterprise Workers and machines together under one roof Samuel Slater First successful water- powered textile mill Apprentice in England, called “Slater the Traitor” People leave farms to work in factories for wages on a set schedule Factory in Massachusetts

Free Enterprise and Factories New England was ideal American factories Built near water for power source Land was not beneficial to farming, people willing to work in factories Many fast moving rivers Near ocean

Free Enterprise and Factories Economic system allowed competition Minimum government interference Free Enterprise Competition, profit, private property, & economic freedom Many people invested in industry during the War of 1812 Businessmen built factories and grew wealthy

Impact on Cities Industrial cities grew the quickest Most were on rivers Needed water power New England had many fast- flowing rivers City disadvantages Waste disposal was an issue Threat of disease Fires were a constant threat Overcrowded living conditions City advantages Libraries, museums, shops Jobs & attractions outweighed the dangers

So successful he built a factory town called Lowell Lowell Mills Francis Cabot Lowell builds a factory in Massachusetts Picture of the Lowell Mills Figured out how to work power looms in England (stole the technology from a trip to England) So successful he built a factory town called Lowell

The Lowell Mills Lowell mills employed farm girls Lived in company-owned boarding-houses Worked 12 ½ hour days Girls came because of high wages Between $2 - $4 a week Some men making that in factories Older women supervised the girls Enforced strict rules Steam powered factories eventually forced the mills to close (and others like them who used water power)

Picture of Mr. Gavin, the Speak Social Teacher (Mr Picture of Mr. Gavin, the Speak Social Teacher (Mr. Welchel’s former co-teacher) at the Lowell Mills

The Cotton Boom The invention of cotton gin in 1793 made short-staple cotton profitable. Pre-1793 1 worker=1 lb cleaned cotton per day Post 1793 1 worker = 50 lbs cleaned cotton per day or more Thereafter, cotton and slavery began to expand - from the Atlantic Coast to Texas.

Innovations Factories did many tasks in one place Increase efficiency Eli Whitney Interchangeable parts Each part of a manufactured item was exactly alike Reduced prices Became the industry standard The first picture is an exploded view of the type of guns that Whitney first designed using his interchangeable parts process. The second picture is an exploded view of an LCD tv. The last picture to come up through animation is a Nintendo 3DS.

Transportation Revolution Robert Fulton Builds a steam boat Used to commercially transport people up the Hudson River New York City to upstate New York Roads built to connect cities States charged tolls or fees to drive wagons on the streets of crushed stone During the presentation, click the blue box (after the information about the steamboat) behind the title to link to a history.com video about steamboats

Click the diagram “How Steam Engines Work” to link to a website that animates the picture

Communication Revolution Samuel Morse Invents the telegraph Sends short pulses of electricity along a wire that could be translated into letters Took seconds to communicate to someone in another city

Agriculture Revolution John Deere Blacksmith by trade Invents a lightweight plow with a steel cutting edge Designed for rich and heavy Midwestern soil Cyrus McCormick Invents a mechanical reaper to cut ripe grain Threshing machine invented to separate kernels of wheat from the husks New farm equipment opened new markets to grow food

1-3 – Mechanical Reaper…#4 & 5 – Threshing Machine (links to the wikipedia site about the threshing machine, which also has a couple of video clips showing how it works)

Industrial Revolution’s Key Inventions Person Invention Date James Watt First reliable Steam Engine 1775 Samuel Slater First successful American textile mill 1793 Eli Whitney Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts for muskets 1793, 1798 Robert Fulton Regular Steamboat service on the Hudson River 1807 Francis Cabot Lowell First American textile mill to convert raw cotton to finished cloth in one building 1813 Peter Cooper American-made locomotive powered by steam 1830 Samuel F. B. Morse Telegraph 1836 Elias Howe Sewing Machine 1844 Isaac Singer Improves and markets Howe's Sewing Machine 1851 Cyrus Field Transatlantic Cable 1866 Alexander Graham Bell Telephone 1876 Thomas Edison Phonograph, Incandescant Light Bulb 1877, 1879 Nikola Tesla Induction Electric Motor 1888 Rudolf Diesel Diesel Engine 1892 Orville and Wilbur Wright First Manned Airplane 1903 Henry Ford Model T Ford, Assembly Line 1908, 1913