BELLWORK: 12/8 Describe Wilson’s policy of Moral Diplomacy. Explain how naval warfare was waged during WWI. Who had the advantage? Why? THINKER: Do you think it’s possible for a superpower like the U.S. to be neutral during WWI? Why or why not?

IB History for the rest of 2016…. Today/tomorrow: U.S. involvement in WWI Monday/Wednesday: WWI in the Americas Thursday: end of WWI and TofV Friday 12/16: IB History/Film documentaries ALL LATE/MISSING WORK IS DUE!!! Monday 12/19: Review Thursday 12/22: Exam and term cards

Unit 2 Term Cards: Due 12/22 RIGHT: WRONG: Nationalism was extreme pride or loyalty to your nation and was a long-term cause of WWI. There are two types of nationalism: Independent nations’ desire for dominance and expansion; like Austria-Hungary’s control of the Balkans Oppressed groups’ desire for independence; like Serbia’s goal to break free from A-H dominance Nationalism triggered WWI because it motivated the Black Hand to seek vengeance on A-H Nationalism was extreme pride or loyalty to your nation. It was a long-term cause of WWI. Mostly in Balkans. You are preparing for a unit exam that is worth 80 points and your EA2! Include as much detail as possible! This is the best way to study!

Naval Warfare in WWI Two goals Germany had two major disadvantages: Protect shipping/trade routes Blockade enemy = economic destruction Germany had two major disadvantages: Numerically Geographically To counter this, Germany used hit-and-run naval tactics to avoid engaging entire British Fleet until….. Battle of Jutland

How was aircraft used as support for naval/land warfare?

Battle of Jutland May 1916 Germany tried to lure British ships into a trap Britain deciphered German radio signals and sent more ships 250 ships exchanged artillery fire Germany forced to retreat; did not destroy British fleet Both sides realized that they had too much to lose if they waged a head-on naval battle  stick to submarine warfare/mines!

Should the U.S. remain neutral? U.S. Involvement in WWI Should the U.S. remain neutral?

President Wilson on U.S. neutrality: “We must be impartial in thought, as well as, action!”

U.S. NEUTRALITY In August 1914, Wilson officially declared the U.S. “neutral.” Although “neutral,” the U.S. was secretly giving food and supplies to the Allies and loaned them $2.25 billion. Wilson was reelected in 1916 with the slogan, “HE KEPT US OUT OF WAR!”

View of American citizens Allied war purchases fed an economic boom in the U.S. America trade with allies rose from $825 million in 1914 to $3.2 billion in 1916.

By the Numbers 1914 trade w/Britain $743 million 1914 trade w/Germany $345 million 1916 trade w/Britain $3 billion 1916 trade w/Germany $29 million Loans to Britain  $2.3 Billion Loans to Germany  $27 million

German U-Boats German U-Boats, or submarines, were used to attack enemy ships. Submarine Warfare Germany warned: All seas around Britain and Ireland to be a war zone All enemy ships in the zone were targets to be sunk Neutral ships might be attacked by mistake American passengers should stay off all Allied ships

Wilson’s Message to Germany "If such a deplorable situation should arise, the Imperial German Government can readily appreciate that the Government of the United States would take any steps it might be necessary to take to safeguard American lives and property and to secure to American citizens the full enjoyment of their acknowledged rights on the high seas“ To summarize  Germany WILL be held responsible for loss of American ships or American lives!!!!

Lusitania May 7, 1915 – German submarine attacked the Lusitania, a British passenger ship. The Germans believed the ship was secretly carrying weapons to Britain. Killed 1,000 people, including 128 Americans. Wilson struggles to maintain neutrality.

Discussion Describe Germany’s warnings regarding their use of submarine warfare. Why did they feel it necessary to publicize these warnings? List three reasons why President Wilson maintained neutrality despite the threat of Germany’s U-boats.

Change in German War Strategy On Christmas Day 1915, Falkenhayn (German Chief of Staff) wrote a letter to Kaiser Wilhelm (leader of Germany) to revise war strategy. Falkenhayn argued that the key to winning the war was not Russia – whom he believed was on the point of revolution & subsequent withdrawal from the war – but on the Western Front.  He reasoned that if France could be defeated, Britain would in all likelihood seek terms with Germany, or else be defeated in turn. He believed that Britain formed the foundation of the Allied effort against Germany and that she must be removed from the war.  To that end he recommended implementation of a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant shipping, a policy directed squarely at starving Britain. 

Closer to War Allies suffer major losses and beg the U.S. for help. Germany announces an unrestricted submarine campaign (after Battle of Jutalnd) Germans sink U.S. supply ships City of Memphis, Illinois, and Vigilante. 1916 – Congress expands Army, National Guard, and Navy. (mobilization) Wilson issues an ultimatum to Germany: unless they abandon unrestricted submarine warfare against all ships, the U.S. would break off diplomatic relations……. Germany promised to comply

Zimmerman Note In January 1917, Arthur Zimmerman, a German official, proposed a deal with Mexico. Mexico should ally itself with Germany to attack the U.S. In return, Mexico would receive land lost to the U.S. in 1848. A British official intercepted Zimmerman’s telegram and spread the news to the U.S.

Presidential Address to the Senate Even after the Zimmerman Telegram, Wilson was still reluctant to declare war. In an effort to justify neutrality he held a meeting with the Senate on January 22, 1917. At this meeting he gave one of his most famous addresses in which he supports Moral Diplomacy and an attempted compromise with all nations at war. It’s seen as his final effort to bring compromise, peace, and an end to war. This speech will become the foundation for the League of Nations. For homework, you are going to read Wilson’s Address to the Senate and write an analysis on three points: Summary of his important points (link to Moral Diplomacy and U.S. neutrality) Plans for the future (How can the world achieve peace?) Your personal response (Is compromise or peace possible? Do you agree with Wilson’s ideas?)

Britain was not innocent either… By November 1914, Great Britain was the strongest naval power in the world, so they used their power to: Mine the North Sea Blockade goods to Germany Seized shipments of non-military supplies from the U.S. that were bound for neutral ports Increased their list of contraband, or prohibited supplies Broke international law by searching neutral merchant ships Why do you think the U.S. would punish Germany for breaking international law, but not Britain? Pro-British sympathy among influential government officials: Secretary of State Robert Lansing Wilson’s personal advisor, Edward M. House U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain, Walter Hines Page The British blockade affected property but not lives. The German blockade threatened both.