Sino-American Relations 1912-1949: Revolution and war Republic of China Modernization Treaty Revision United States Increasing involvement in China and international affairs “Open Door” Policy, maintain territorial integrity of China

Competing Interests in East Asia China: Respect for territorial integrity, treaty revision, internal stability United States: Support Chinese territorial integrity, primary interest economic, use diplomacy Japan: Expand political and economic interest, Japanese sphere of influence in East Asia, willing to use force

Paradox of U. s. Policy toward China Open Door Policy Defend Territorial Integrity of China Boxer Indemnity Scholarships Limited American Patronage for Chinese Governments First Treaty Granting Tariff Autonomy Use Diplomacy to Counter Japanese Imperialism Restrict Chinese Immigration Military Intervention in Boxer Uprising Inconsistent Support for Chinese Nationalism Economic Self-interest

American Diplomacy in Asia Roosevelt 1901-09 Realist, power politics, appease Japan Taft 1909-13 Dollar Diplomacy, Wall Street, challenge Japanese economic interests Wilson 1913-21 “Moral high ground,” support Chinese modernization Harding-Coolidge 1921-29 International cooperation, avoid use of force Hoover 1929-33 “non-recognition” of Manchukuo

Sino-Japanese Relations, WWI 21 Demands 1915 Designed to make China Japanese Dependency Transfer of German rights in Shandong Additional RR and mining rights in Mongolia and Manchuria Chinese promise no additional concessions in coastal areas Political, military, and economic advisors and joint police Purchase of Japanese weapons

World War I: Tensions and cooperation U.S. Japanese Tensions Japanese Twenty-one Demands Occupy German Concession in Shandong US-Japanese Relations Lansing-Ishii Agreement 1917 Recognize Japan’s special interest in China Open Door Respect China’s “territorial integrity” Joint US-Japan Siberian Intervention 1917

Versailles Peace Treaty 1919 Japanese Interests German Islands in Pacific Shandong concessions Wilson opposed Racial equality clause Wilson opposed (California Vote) Chinese Delegation Walked Out

Washington Conference 1921-1922 Four Power Treaty 1921 US, Britain, Japan, France respect status quo in Asia, no expansion Replace Anglo-Japanese Alliance Limit arms and fortifications Five Power Treaty US, Britain, Japan, France, Italy Naval Disarmament Nine Power Treaty US, Britain, Japan, France, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, and China Open Door Policy Chinese sovereignty and territorial integrity

Shidehara Diplomacy: Shidehara Kijuro (1872-1951) Ambassador to US (1919-22) Foreign Minister (1924-27, 1929-31) Economic and Diplomatic Tactics International Cooperation Support for Disarmament

Manchurian Incident September 18, 1931 Matsuoka Yosuke (1880-1946) Led Japanese Walkout of League of Nations: "Would the American people agree to such control of the Panama Canal Zone; would the British permit it over Egypt? ”

Full Scale Invasion of China Japanese Invasion 7/7/37 (七七事變) Marco Polo Bridge Incident (盧溝橋事變) “Rape of Nanjing” December 1937 “Puppet Regime 1940 Wang Jingwei (汪精衛) Three Alls” 1942 (三光政策) Kill, Burn, Loot

Chinese Troops on Marco Polo Bridge

Mass Grave Rape of Nanjing

Execution of POWs

Chinese Prisoners Buried Alive

U.S.S. Panay, 1937 Before

U.S.S. Panay After

GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE, NOVEMBER Japanese led bloc of Asian nations “Economically self-sufficient sphere of coexistence and co-prosperity” 1938 Wang Jingwei negotiations 1938 Leader of puppet regime, 1940

Path to War with US US “non-recognition” of Manchukuo 1932 Roosevelt “Quarantine the Aggressors'' Speech, October, 1937 Panay Incident December 1937 US Abrogate Trade Pact 1940 Tripartite Pact, 9/27/1940

President Roosevelt Quarantine Speech

Path to War with US US economic sanctions 1940, Occupation of Indo-China July 1941 US Embargo aviation fuel and scrap metal US freezes Japanese assets Prince Konoe proposed meeting with Roosevelt September, 1941 General Tojo Hideki PM October 1941, “last chance for peace”

U.S.S. Arizona Pearl Harbor