4:16 The Americas “We are crushed to the ground; we lie in ruins. There is nothing but grief and suffering in Mexico and tlateloco, where we once saw beauty and valor.” –”flowers and songs of sorrow,” Aztec poem

Maritime Empires Maritime Empires: Spain, Portugal, England, France, Holland “New” colonies in the “New World”

Maritime Empires Columbian Exchange—widespread sharing of plants, animals, cultures, ideas, technologies, and diseases between Afro-Eurasian cultures and native Americans Eastern Hemisphere  Western Hemisphere Effects on Natives: new social structure, cattle, horses, smallpox, measles, flu Effects on Europeans: gold, silver, power, yellow fever

European Motivations to Explore New routes to Asia to avoid Muslims Personal wealth and glory conquistadores—European explorers, conquered natives, founded colonies

European Motivations to Explore Inventions made ocean travel easier astrolabe—determined distance from equator caravels—Portuguese ships designed to outlast storms galleons—heavily armed Spanish trading ships Duty to convert natives to Catholicism

Spain in the Americas Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)—Spain and Portugal divide the Americas New Spain—Spanish colonies in the Americas Hernan Cortez (1521) conquers the Aztec Francisco Pizarro (1532) conquers the Inca Pedro Mendez de Aviles (1565) est. fort at St. Augustine, FL

Economic Changes coercive labor—natives forced to work for conquerors to receive food and shelter encomienda system—Spanish plantations silver becomes the dominant world currency sugar becomes the dominant cash crop colonies—lands claimed by explorers as property of their home country viceroys—colonial governors

Economic Changes Trans-Atlantic slave trade (1526-1870)—slaves taken from Africa to the New World colonies for labor Slaves harvest raw goods in the New World (cotton, sugar, tobacco, etc.) Raw goods leave the New World to Europe to be manufactured (guns, clothing, etc.) European manufactured goods sold to Africans in exchange for new slaves Middle Passage—slave ship route between Africa and the Americas

Social Changes in Latin America Social class system in Latin American (Central and South America) peninsulares—born in Spain or Portugal creoles—Europeans born on colonial soil castas—mixed race mestizos—European and native mulattoes—European and African zambos—African and native slaves—African captives and their descendants

France in North America In search of a Northwest Passage— route through N. America to Asia explorers: Cartier, Champlain, LaSalle interested in trading furs and Christianizing natives, not slave plantations

England in North America Also in search of the NW Passage Jamestown, Virginia (1607)— founded for tobacco harvesting Northern colonies: indentured servitude—labor to pay off a debt (not permanent) Southern colonies: slavery (tobacco, cotton)

Shade in Spanish and Portuguese colonies Label: Green text p. 360 Trace the Inca Empire Trace the Aztec Empire Shade in Spanish and Portuguese colonies Label: Treaty of Tordesillas line all cities Routes of all explorers