1. New Spain

2. Caribbean Islands Spain establishes sugar and tobacco plantations (large farms growing crops for sale - cash crops Gold mines

3. Labor in the Caribbean Native American Slaves. Replaced by African slaves after disease kills most Native Americans. Begins Atlantic Slave Trade.

4. Mexico Cortes conquers the Aztecs. Mexico City built upon ruins of Aztec capital. Spanish benefit from horses, metal armor, and guns. Smallpox wiped out most Aztecs

5. South America Pizarro conquers the Inca. Inca enslaved and work in silver mines in the Andes. Most will die of disease or overwork.

6. Florida Ponce de Leon claims area for Spain. Presidios (Spanish Forts) built to protect claims from England and France.

7. Southwest United States Settled by a few Spanish cattle ranchers and soldiers in Presidios. Includes California, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Utah, and Nevada.

8. Spanish Missions Religious settlements. Main goal is to convert Native Americans to Christianity and teach them European ways.

9. Spanish Missions Conversions could be forced. Whippings, beatings, for those that do not cooperate.

10. Native Americans Learned Sheepherding Cattle ranching Use of iron tools Spanish language

11. Spanish Learned Irrigation and farming methods in the desert. Introduction to new foods.

12. Columbian Exchange Transfer of plants, animals and disease between the Americas and Europe.

13. Columbian Exchange - Americas Disease kills 90% of Native America. New animals and plants completely change the landscape.

14. Columbian Exchange - Europe New foods (mainly the potato) double the population of Europe.