By Qassim AI-abody Master in adult nursing Anemia By Qassim AI-abody Master in adult nursing

What is Anemia ? is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen in them) is low.

What is r b c ? Normally, red blood cells live about 120 days. Scavenger cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver detect and destroy red blood cells that are near or beyond their usual life span. If red blood cells are destroyed prematurely (hemolysis),

Cause of anemia? 1- Blood loss (excessive bleeding) Suddenly bleeding, as an injury or surgery Gradually bleeding as peptic ulcer or heavy menstrual periods 2- Inadequate production of red blood cells leukemia, lymphoma, or metastatic cancer Imbalance of hormones, as erythropoietin  Nutrients deficiency. As iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid

Cause of anemia? 1- Excessive destruction of red blood cells Enlarged spleen traps and destroys too many red blood cells. Abnormalities blood vessels as an aneurysm artificial or damaged heart valve cause destroy R.B.C Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, is immune system destroys R.B.C. Hemoglobin from these damaged cells is concentrated in urine during the night, resulting in dark, reddish urine in the morning.

Cause of anemia? D- Hereditary spherocytosis :- red blood cells become misshapen and rigid and destroyed in the spleen E- Hereditary elliptocytosis :- red blood cells become oval or elliptical in shape lead to desrtoy. F- Red blood cell enzyme abnormalities as Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency making cells more fragile. G- Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency, which is usually present at birth (congenital), also makes red blood cells more fragile.

What Are The Symptoms ? Symptoms may include.. Fatigue Weakness Chest pain Shortness of breath Cold feet and fingers Fast or irregular heartbeat Pale skin

Evaluating the Patient with Anemia (diagnosis) Hematology:- Check 1- Hemoglobin/ -If female, is Hgb 12-14 If male, is Hgb 14-16 2- red blood count 3- bone marrow aspiration 4- blood film 5- pcv or hct

Treating Anemia with Folk Medicine chiretta gentian nettle wormwood

Treating Anemia with Scientific Medicine epoetin felbamate ribavirin alfa rebetol

Hemophilia Definition Is an inherited bleeding disorder in which there is a deficiency or lack of clotting factors Types of hemophilia Hemophilia A –most common types cause by deficiency of factor Vlll Hemophilia B –deficiency of factor lV

Cause of hemophilia Inherited as x –linked recessive trait, primarily by males Asymptomatic mothers and sisters as carries

Assessment findings Large spreading bruise Prolonged or spontaneous bleeding episodes Bleeding into muscles, joints and soft tissues after minimal trauma Pain in joint Joint swelling and limited ROM Recurrent joint hemorrhage Spontaneous hematurea Spontaneous GI bleeding

Diagnostic test findings Hemophilia A Factor vlll:25% or less normal PTT :prolonged Platelet count and function bleeding time Hemophilia B Factor lX : deficient Coagulation factors similar to hemophilia A Factor Vlll : normal

Medical management Stop the bleeding by administering clotting factors Homeostatic cryoprecipitated antihemophilia (hemophilia A and B) Activity :guided by degree of factor deficiency Monitoring vital signs and laboratory study Antifibrinolytics : aminocaproic and tranexamic Vasopressor as demopressim Analgesics : acetaminophen  

Complications of hemophilia Infection Shock Hemorrhage Sensitization to antihemolytic factor