ELEC-E8422 Introduction to Electrical Energy Systems FUTURE POWER SYSTEMS Matti Lehtonen

AC vs. DC in distribution systems and in buildings

AC vs. DC losses

DC in future houses

Control and automation 1.1.2018

SELF-HEALING NETWORKS Smart Grids – Self Healing Remote control and monitoring Automatic switching in faults Quick fault location And the result: Shorter outages Better power quality Better system maintenance The distribution system especially in rural areas must be modernized. Disturbances and local interruptions are not always detected by the system and thus the repair takes much time. When residential consumers are connected those interruptions are less critical and an investment in more sophisticated automation systems has rarely been made. If individual consumers shall take a more active part in managing the system or with indiviual consumers becoming a small scale generator the level of automation of the distribution system has to be increased. In the future supply reliability is more critical 6

An Example of Self-Healing Network looped MV-system with remote control

Smart Grid integrates decentralized energy sources, Controlled flexible loads and energy storages The ETP SmartGrids was set up in 2005 to create a joint vision for the European networks of 2020 and beyond. The platform includes representatives from industry, transmission and distribution system operators, research bodies and regulators. . It has identified clear objectives and proposes an ambitious strategy to make a reality of this vision for the benefits of Europe and its electricity customers. Source: European technology plateform (ETP)

Challenge of renewables: intermittent production and power balance Variation of wind power in Three subsequent days in Germany Variation of PV production in three subsequent days in Finland

Smart Grids and Power Balance In present power systems even moderate share of renewables cause difficulties: In Denmark wind production frequently exceeds power demand  negative prices in electricity exchange ! In Germany 3% share ot PV production has led to 50.2 Hz problem  requirements to tune down PV production ! Substantial increase of renewable power generation, both in centralized plants and at distributed locations, is impossible without better control of power balance using Smart Grid technologies

DEVELOPMENT OF MARKETS – PRICE VOLATILITY AND BALANCE MANAGEMENT DUE TO RENEWABLES Picture: M. Supponen When markets integrate, energy balance gets more challenging also in Nordic countries Nordic hydro used more for leveling German wind and solar… Prices of power today more volatile in Central Europe (red: german, blue Nordic), what about in future ….

Flexibility gap and options

Demand Response potential Of household loads about 50% are timely flexible This is 10-20% of system peak load Can be used for leveling renewable variations In future, another 10-20% can be obtaned From intelligent EV charging

Demand Response capacity of space heating AHU Ts Te Hame Has Hae fhc Ca Hag Tg Ta Demand Response in optimizing partial storage Modeling the house (to the left) and Modeling the controlled targets in heating system

Schematic of Energy Hub Temp. band Heat Gains TES Losses

Demand Response in market optimization Demand Response in optimizing partial storage Space heating  shifting demand from peak price

WIND POWER PARKS IN GERMANY FAST INCREASE IN WIND CAPACITY IN GERMANY: August 2013 72 GW of renewables (wind, PV, biomass) 1.1.2018

Off-shore wind parks 1.1.2018

Supergrid Jännite 735 kV AC 500 kV DC 800 kV DC Tehohäviöt/1000 km 6,7 % 6,6 % 3,5 % Siirtokapasiteetti 3 GW 6,4 GW

AC versus DC in transmission LCC – line commutated converter VSC – voltage source converter

Wind parks connection in DC-super grid ?

POTENTIAL OF SOLAR POWER

Desertec – solar power from North-Africa to Europe ? Mahdollisia HVDC-linjoja Euroopan kulutuskeskuksille CSP-tuotantolaitoksilta (keskittävä aurinkovoimalaitos)

FUTURE … IoT & IoE nZEB by 2021 Future vision of EU: 2050 97% of power production by renewables Occasionally huge excess of wind and solar Power balance and network capacity at risk High demand for: POWER SINK BY DEMAND RESPONSE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES MEANS TO CONVERT EXCESS POWER TO FUELS Electric Vehicles: ICE cars to be replaced by Evs 2030, in Norway, Netherlands, (Germany?), …