Under the Guidance of Submitted by Project Title Line Following Robotic Vehicle Expandable to Walking and Climbing Robot Under the Guidance of Submitted by

ABSTRACT The front of the car is fitted with an array of two pair of photo sensors, comprising of one IR transmitter and a photo diode in each which allows the car to detect a black path as well as any turns in the path. Once it goes out of track/line the reflection stops and the corresponding transistor is deprived of base drives so one of the motor stops while the other continues to run to bring back the robot on the track. The motors are able to turn the steering left or right, depending on what logic signal the sensor sends.

EXISTING SYSTEM IN THE PRESENT SNENARIO ,A HUMAN HAS TO CARRY THE NEEDS AND SUPPLY THE GOODS TO THE PRODUCTION BASED INDUSRY. SO EVERY TIME THERE WILL BE A MANUAL WORK ,AND WASTE OF SOURCE UTALIZATION FOR THE PURPOSE

PROPOSED SYSTEM IN THE PRESENT SNEARIO ,PROPOSING A SYSTEM THAT UTALIZATION OF A ROBOT FOR CARRYING GOODS IN A SPECFIED PATH. USEFUL IN PRODUCTION BASED INDUSRIES ,HOME APPLICATIONS ,HELP US IN REDUCTION OF MANUAL WORK. LESS COST WITH AUTOMATICAL DETCTION OF PATH WHICH MAKING EFFICENT USE OF A ROBOT

BLOCK DIAGRAM

HARDWARE COMPONENTS IR DIODE PHOTO DIODE TIP122 TRANSISTOR DC MOTOR RESISTOR CAPACITOR BATTERY

IR LED An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of 760 nm wavelength. LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminum gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers, are commonly used as sensors. Since the human eye cannot see the infrared radiations, To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can be used. The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated from the IR LED in a circuit.

Photo diode A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fibre connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device.

The devices are qualified for Automotive application TRANSISTOR TIP122 Features:- The devices are qualified for Automotive application Low collector-emitter saturation voltage Complementary NPN - PNP Transistors Description:- The devices are manufactured in planar technology with “base island” layout and monolithic Darlington configuration. The resulting Transistors show exceptional high gain performance coupled with very low saturation voltage.

DC- MOTOR A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity. In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a "South" polarization). Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes.

BATTERY An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. The battery has become a common power source for many household, robotics and industrial applications. Larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers

OPERATION OF PROJECT The DC motors are driven by n-p-n transistors TIP122 and the base of the transistor is fed from the potential divider in which photodiode is acting as a variable resistor. The IR and photodiode are so connected that they face towards the ground and when there is no black color on ground IR rays are reflected and falls on photodiode due to which motor starts rotating. And if there is black colour on ground then the IR rays are not reflected due to which the motors don’t rotate

BIBILOGRAPHY “Embedded systems” by Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education. www.boltonwebox.com www.atmel.com www.beyondlogic.org www.wikipedia.org www.howstuffworks.com www.alldatasheets.com

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