Personal pronouns

Pronoun-a word used to take the place of a noun Personal Pronouns Pronoun-a word used to take the place of a noun = the preceding noun which the pronoun replaces Antecedent EXAMPLE: Marcus carefully hid the money You will not find it without care. money.

Many pronouns have antecedents, words which come before the pronoun to which the pronoun refers. A pronoun and its antecedent must agree in number and gender (in Latin). Consider these sentences: Wally Walrus has a lovely pool. Freddy Frog jumped into his pool. (The antecedent of the pronoun his is Wally.) When Tom Turtle saw what a nice pool it was, he decided to toddle over. (The antecedent of it is pool.) When Wally Walrus saw them, he was very happy. (The antecedent of the pronoun them is Freddy Frog and Tom Turtle.)

CASE - shows the pronoun’s function in the sentence As with Latin nouns, personal pronouns have: CASE - shows the pronoun’s function in the sentence NUMBER - singular or plural GENDER – masculine, feminine, or neuter N.B. 1st and 2nd person pronouns DO NOT have neuter gender. Why not? ANSWER

Since the 1st person pronoun is “I” or “we” and the 2nd person pronoun is “you”, people will not be neuter gender

What are the personal pronouns? English Latin 1st person s. I ego 2nd person s. You tu 3rd person s. Masculine he is Feminine she ea Neuter it id 1st person pl. We nos 2nd person pl. You vos 3rd person pl. They ei [m] eae [f] ea [ n]

How do they decline? Person Number Case 1 2 3 [m] 3[f] 3[n] English I You He She It Singular Nom. ego tu is ea id Gen. mei tui eius Dat. mihi tibi ei Acc. me te eum eam Abl. eo Plural nos vos eae nostrum/nostri vestrum/vestri eorum earum nobis vobis eis eos eas

What case do I use? Pronouns agree with their antecedents in: BUT… Gender Number BUT… Case comes from the use in the clause For example: The farmer works in the fields daily. I often see him. The noun “farmer” is the antecedent of “him”, therefore you need masculine singular, “him” is the direct object, so you use the accusative case. The correct Latin form is eum.

Remember: Not all pronouns have antecedents, For example: Marcus was walking with us. [“us has no antecedent] You are I will be friends forever. [neither “you” nor “I” has an antecedent]

Ok. Your turn… determine the correct Latin form Does the girl like him? Answer Where is her mother? Answer Will you please go with me? Answer Flavia has a surprise for you [s.]. Answer He and I work well together. Answer

a direct object and needs to be accusative Eum Because “him” is: 3rd person, singular masculine a direct object and needs to be accusative BACK

possessive and needs to be genitive Eius Because “her” is: 3rd person, singular feminine possessive and needs to be genitive BACK

mecum Because “me” is: 1st person, singular masculine [always assume masc. gender if you do not know] object of preposition “with”and needs to be ablative BACK

an indirect object and needs to be dative tibi Because “to you” is: 2nd person, singular masculine an indirect object and needs to be dative BACK

Ego et Is Because “he” is: 3rd person, singular Masculine “I” is 1st person, singular masculine they are subjects and need to be nominative

Great work Now, let’s look at a compounded form of is, ea, id which is an adjective meaning, “the same”

idem, eadem, idem [the same] This adjective meaning “the same” declines like is, ea, id, but adds the –dem suffix This suffix causes a few slight spelling changes to make the resulting word easier to say: The acc. singular and genitive plural forms of is,ea,id end with the letter –“m”; the –“m”, changes to –“n”. Acc. s. eundem, eandem, idem Gen. pl. eorundem, earundem, eorundem

The Paradigm SINGULAR M F N NOMINATIVE idem eadem idem GENITIVE          eiusdem    eiusdem    eiusdem DATIVE              eidem         eidem         eidem ACCUSATIVE   eundem     eandem      idem ABLATIVE         eodem         eadem       eodem                                     PLURAL NOMINATIVE   eidem         eaedem        eadem GENITIVE          eorundem     earundem    eorundem DATIVE              eisdem          eisdem          eisdem ACCUSATIVE   eosdem          easdem        eadem ABLATIVE         eisdem          eisdem          eisdem eidem pueri- the same boys [nom. plural] eandem puellam- the same girl [acc. singular]