US History Chapter 8 Section 4 Peace without Victory

Main Idea The Allies determined the terms for peace in the post-war world

Reading Focus What was President Wilson’s Fourteen Points plan for peace? What was resolved at the Paris Peace Conference? Why did congress fight over the treaty? What was the impact of World War I on the United States and the world?

Causes of World War I Review Militarism European nations engaged in massive military buildup Allainces European countries form partnerships to protect themselves European Tensions Rising caused by Imperialism Rival empires seek to keep power Nationalism People feel loyalty and devotion to their country or culture Where is the “A” in ???

The Fourteen Points As war ended, its effects were devastating to all countries involved and President Wilson wanted to ensure a war like this never happened again Wilson’s plan for world peace was outlined in Fourteen Points Points 1-4 Point 5 Point 6-13 Point 14 Open diplomacy, freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, reduction of military arms A fair system to resolve disputes over colonies Self-Determination- right of people to decide own political status Establishment of League of Nations

Open diplomacy, freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, reduction of military arms A fair system to resolve disputes over colonies Self-Determination- right of people to decide own political status Establishment of League of Nations

“ What we demand…is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression” -- President Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points Speech, 1918

The Paris Peace Conference January 1919- President Wilson (despite criticism) felt it was his moral duty to be involved with peace negotiations January 12, 1919: Members from 32 nations attended conference but it was dominated by the “Big Four” > U.S.- Woodrow Wilson > Great Britain- David Lloyd George > France- Georges Clemenceau > Italy- Vittorio Orlando Conflicting needs- Delegates to the conference had different desires and expected outcomes * Vison of world peace * Severe punishment of Germany * Reduction of weapons * countries seeking independence * Reestablishment of nations

“ The conduct of Germany is almost unexampled in human history “ The conduct of Germany is almost unexampled in human history. The terrible responsibility which lies at her doors can be seen in the fact that not less than 7 million dead lie buried in Europe, while more than 20 million others carry upon them the evidence of wounds and sufferings, because Germany saw fit to gratify her desire for tyranny by resort to war” -- Georges Clemenceau, France Prime Minister

The Treaty of Versailles Allies eventually agreed and presented their terms to Germany Treaty was much harsher that what Woodrow Wilson had wished > Germany to disarm > Payment of War Reparations > Germany to accept sole responsibility for starting war The treaty did include some of Wilson’s 14 points: > Would establish a League of Nations >Some ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary and Russia would get right of self-determination > Nine new nations created

Germany Response Germany protested the terms because they thought they were too harsh France threatens to use military action Germany agrees and signs treaty on June 28, 1919

United States Response to Treaty President Wilson returns from Paris Peace Conference and presents plan to his republican controlled senate Congressional Response to Treaty Provisions 3 groups Democrats on board with total support and immediate ratification Irreconcilables- those who urged outright rejection of U.S. participation of US involvement in League of Nations Reservationists- those who would ratify the treaty only if changes were made (authority to use military power to carry out League’s decisions) Wilson not willing to compromise Wilson takes his case to American People- “Inside Story”

Congress to Wilson November 1919- Senator Henry Cabot Lodge presents treaty to U.S. Senate for ratification with list of 14 reservations (concerns) to original treaty Wilson is unwilling to compromise and Wilson instructs Senate to reject Lodge’s revised treaty After Wilson leaves office in 1921- US signs separate peace agreements with Germany, Austria, and Hungary The United States never joins the League of Nations

14 points https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJ-T--Z4oEc

Impact of World War I Political Impact Economic Impact Social Impact Impact in Europe Overthrow of Monarchs in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire Devastated European economies of countries at war Millions of women drawn into work- service contributed to passage of 19th amendment European nations had lost a whole generation of men Rise of power of Bolsheviks United States became world’s leading economic power The war had encouraged many African-Americans to migrate north for jobs (race tensions) France took the hardest hit (most combat took place there) Fanned the flames of revolts against colonialism in Middle East and in SE Asia Farmers- Postwar needs decreased and no longer need to buy food Migrations led to population patterns Great Britain deeply in debt to United States War Reparations on Germany crippled their economy