1. Warm-Up Questions:
1.) Do you think that the war had a positive or negative effect on American society?
THINK ABOUT:
how the propaganda campaign influenced peoples behavior
The new job opportunities for African Americans and women
How the government controlled industry
2.) Which group was more affected by WWI: African-Americans, Women, or Socialists? Explain

2. The End of World War I The world was transformed by WWI:
22 million soldiers & civilians had died; 20 million were wounded; 10 million became refugees
Towns & farms along the Western & Eastern Fronts were destroyed
The war cost an estimated $338 billion & massive funds were needed to rebuild Europe

3. 22 million dead

4. 20 million wounded

5. WWI Deaths (Not Including Wounded or POW)

6. Village of Esnes, France
Verdun, France

7. Devastation in Europe Due to WWI
After the War: Village of Esnes
Before the War: Village of Esnes

8. Devastation in Europe Due to WWI
After the War: Hotel de la Princerie, Verdun
Before the War: Hotel de la Princerie, Verdun

9. Devastation in Europe Due to WWI

10. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
President Woodrow Wilson believed that America ought to take a lead in shaping the peace process
Near the end of the war, President Wilson developed his peace plan known as the Fourteen Points:
Based on eliminating the reasons for WWI (militarism, imperialism)
Hoped to avoid all future wars by creating an international forum to discuss & arbitrate problems

11. Group Activity: Examining Wilson’s Fourteen Points
In groups, examine Wilson’s Fourteen Points:
Using the chart in your notes, write in your own words what each section of Wilson’s peace plan means
Develop an image or symbol that captures the main idea for each section of the plan
Do not write anything in the column titled “Was this point part of the Treaty of Versailles?” (We will do this a bit later)

12. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
President Wilson’s Fourteen Points contained three main themes:
(Points 1-5) Create new rules that would eliminate the causes of WWI
No more secret treaties
Reduction of militaries
Freedom of the seas
International control over colonies to end imperialism
First, Wilson said that nations should not make secret treaties. He believed that all agreements between nations should be made public.
• Second, peace would be more likely if world powers reduced their militaries and arms. With smaller armies, nations would be less likely to declare war.
• Third, there should be freedom of the seas. No nation had the right to interfere with the shipping or trade of another nation. Wilson regretted that Germany’s attacks on the American ships had contributed to the entry of the United States into World War I.
• Fourth, nations should remove or lower tariffs. A tariff is a tax on goods that one country or nation ships to another. Tariffs make it difficult for a nation to sell their goods to the people of another nation.
• Fifth, there would be international control over colonies in an effort to eliminate imperialism. The fight for colonies had been a major point of conflict between the nations involved in World War I.

13. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
(Points 6-13) Divide weak empires like Austria-Hungary & the Ottoman Empire into new nations based on national “self-determination”
New nations should have their borders drawn with consideration to ethnic & national identities
New nations should be free to choose their own governments 21

14. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
(Point 14) To create a League of Nations to settle all future international problems by compromise rather than by war
One of Wilson’s most original and important ideas was to form an association of nations. He wanted the nations of the world to form a world congress. Problems between countries could then be taken to this congress. There they would be worked out by compromise, or agreement, and not by war. 21

15. The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
Wilson traveled to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to help create the Treaty of Versailles:
He hoped his Fourteen Points would become the framework for the peace treaty
But, Wilson quickly learned that European leaders did not share his vision for a “peace without victory” & wanted Germany to be punished

16. “The Big Four” French Premier George Clemenceau
British Prime Minister David Lloyd George
WILSON AT VERSAILLES, Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Premier Georges Clemenceau and President Woodrow Wilson at the Versailles Palace during the Treaty Negotiations in 1919.
“The Big Four”
Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson

17. During the peace process, Wilson had to compromise some of his Fourteen Points

18. The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
Delegates agreed to create a League of Nations that included:
General Assembly of 27 nations with an Executive Council
Court of International Justice
Agreement that arbitration & economic sanctions would be used to settle conflicts
An agreement that member nations would work together to stop future acts of aggression

19. The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
Other treaty provisions included:
Austria-Hungary was split in two, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, & Poland were formed
Germany had to accept the “war guilt clause,” pay $33 billion in reparations, & lost all colonies
No mention of free trade; No end to imperialism, no reduction in militaries for any of the Allies

20. Europe & Middle East Before & After World War I
Land was taken from Germany & given to Poland; Germany’s border with France was demilitarized to avoid a future invasion
The Ottoman Empire was divided; Britain & France gained mandates in the Middle East
Central Europe was redrawn to reduce the power of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
New nations were created from territory taken from Russia (who left WWI early after the Bolshevik Revolution)
Europe & Middle East Before & After World War I

21. The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
But, President Wilson could not sign the treaty because Article I of the Constitution gives the Senate the power to ratify all treaties
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed by Germany & officially ended WWI
But, many U.S. Senators did not like the treaty because of the League of Nations

22. Closure Activity
Compare Wilson’s Fourteen Points with the provisions in the Treaty of Versialles. On your chart, write down whether Wilson’s ideas made it into the final treaty

23. New International Rules?
Points 1-5:
New International Rules?
Points 6-13:
Divided Empires, New Nations, Self-Determination?
Point 14: A League of Nations?

24. Closure Activity Read “Hitler’s Reaction to the Treaty of Versailles”
What criticisms does Hitler have?
What does he say needs to be done to save Germany?
Why do historians say that the Treaty of Versailles led to WWII?