COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN CARBON 1. ORGANIC MOLECULES COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN CARBON CO2 IS THE EXCEPTION THERE ARE MILLIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND COMBINATION WHY? (HINT: IMAGINE A CARBON ATOM AND THINK OF BONDING) http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9943298

Each Electron on the valance shell is a Potential? BOND 1. 2. 4. 3.

IV. COMPOUNDS OF LIFE http://www. pbs THERE ARE FOUR GROUPS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOUND IN LIVING THINGS: CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACID Serving Sizes

OUR BODY REQUIRES IT FOR ENERGY WHY EAT CARBS? OUR BODY REQUIRES IT FOR ENERGY

1. CARBOHYDRATES COMPOSED OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN (1:2:1 RATIO) C6H12O6 –GLUCOSE MONOSACCHARIDE 3 TYPES -SUGAR, STARCH, AND FIBER SIMPLE FORM KNOWN AS MONOSACCHARIDE COMPLEX FORM KNOWN AS POLYSACCHARIDE

MONOSACCHARIDES GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS (REMOVE H2O) CREATES Disaccharides B. MAKING LARGER SUGARS BY POLYMERIZATION Link for dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS (REMOVE H2O) CREATES Disaccharides Glucose + fructose = sucrose + water Glucose + galactose = lactose + water Glucose + glucose = maltose + water 2 MONOSACCHARIDES = 1 DISACCHARIDE Dimers Monomers

Bonding Dehydration Synthesis- Removing H2O Two Monomers (glucose & fructose) become a Dimer (sucrose)

ADDING WATER BREAKS UP POLYMERS Breaking down molecules bonds HYDROLYSIS add H2O example a dimer(sucrose) becomes 2 monomers glucose & fructose ADDING WATER BREAKS UP POLYMERS

C. POLYSACCHARIDES ARE BIG CARBS. GIANT POLYMERS OF THOUSANDS OF LINKED MONOSACCHARIDES -glucose A STORAGE PRODUCT WHICH CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO MONOSACCHARIDES.

TYPES OF PLANT POLYSACCHARIDES 1. STARCH: A Polysaccharide (big sugar) STORED IN PLANTS FOR ENERGY USE

PLANT POLYSACCHARIDE 2. CELLULOSE: GIVE PLANTS STRENGTH & STRUCTURE This is also known as Fiber! Plant cell walls structure of veggies Tree Bark

ANIMAL POLYSACCHARIDE GLYCOGEN: STORED IN MUSCLES AND LIVER OF ANIMALS Too much can build up to become FAT or can be BROKEN DOWN into GLUCOSE for energy

GLYCOGEN IS STORED IN THE LIVER & MUSCLES

3. POLYMERIZATION- A Process of building molecules BUILDING LARGE COMPOUNDS USING SMALLER COMPOUNDS MER-MEANS PART A SINGLE COMPOUND IS A MONOMER Dimer two monomers THREE OR MORE COMPOUNDS TOGETHER ARE POLYMERS MANY POLYMERS ARE KNOWN AS MACROMOLECULES

PROTEINS POLYMERS OF AMINO ACIDS LINKED BY PEPTIDE BONDS Contain -3 parts 1. AN R GROUP (any compound or Element) 2. An Amino (contains Nitrogen) 3. A Carboxyl (COOH/COO)

EXAMPLES OF AMINO ACIDS There are just 20 types Pink Boxes show the R groups

PROTEINS HAVE PEPTIDE BONDS Animation of Peptide Bond Formation TWO bonded AMINO ACIDS is a DIPEPTIDE MANY bonded AMINO ACIDS is a POLYPEPTIDE A Polypeptide is a PROTEIN

HOW DO WE MAKE AMINO ACIDS BOND? Dehydration Synthesis! Remove the H2O

FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS Let’s watch the video ENZYMES (speed up) CHEMICAL REACTIONS Reduces the energy needed for the reaction STRUCTURE-MUSCLES/TISSUES IN BODY CELL SIGNALING –Tells HORMONES to go from the glands to target organs TRANSPORT Channels to move items into/out of Cell Membranes DEFENSE –Immune system, White blood cells in the blood

How Enzymes fit to only its specific Substrate http://bcs. whfreeman Active Site

SPECIAL TYPES OF PROTEINS ENZYMES A PROTEIN THAT INCREASES THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Each ENZYME has its own SUBSTRATE (molecule) that it fits to They fit like a LOCK AND KEY…OR PUZZLE PIECES Where they meet is called THE ACTIVE SITE

What can prevent an Enzyme from binding to its substrate? Heat pH Changing the active site so binding substrate does not happen

Enzymes lower the amount of energy needed in a reaction. http://bcs

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