Concepts of Development AP Human Geography Concepts of Development

What determines economic development? Resources Population Colonial status Geographic Location Climate

What does development look like?

What does development look like?

What does development look like?

How is development measured? Gross Domestic Product Per Capita aka GDP per capita value of goods and services produced within a country within a given year Other similar measures include GNP (broader value), PPP Usually calculated in US dollars to allow comparisons between countries

Measuring Development Gross Domestic Product per Capita High human development 25,167 Medium human development 1,237 Low human development 358

Gross Domestic Product High Human Development

Gross Domestic Product Medium Human Development

Gross Domestic Product Low Human Development

How is development measured? Rates Literacy Infant mortality Caloric intake Natural increase Inflation

How is development measured? Occupational Structure of the Workforce PRIMARY (agriculture) SECONDARY (industry) TERTIARY (services) QUATERNARY QUINARY

Occupational Structure China GDP $6,200 agriculture 49%, industry 22%, services 29% Australia GDP $32,000 agriculture 3.7%, industry 26.4%, services 70% Philippines GDP $5,100 agriculture 36%, industry 16%, services 48%

Occupational Structure Luxembourg GDP $59,143 Agriculture 1%, industry 30%, services 69% Singapore GDP $21,492 agriculture 0%, industry 30%, services 70% Equatorial Guinea GDP $5,900 agriculture 20%, industry 60%, services 20%

Occupational Structure Haiti GDP $346 Agriculture 32%, industry 20%, services 48% Malawi GDP $156 agriculture 37%, industry 29%, services 34%

Other Measures of Development Unemployment The number of people who (in a given year) were not working but were available for work and had taken steps to seek work. In some circumstances where employment opportunities are particularly limited in a country, the last criteria ("had taken steps to seek work") may be relaxed.

Other Measures of Development Telephone Lines Number of subscriber lines (business and residential) plus public telephones per 100 inhabitants. This series is calculated by dividing the number of main lines by the population, and multiplying by 100.

Other Measures of Development Undernourished The percentage of the population whose food intake falls below the minimum requirement needed to meet dietary energy requirements on a regular basis.

Other Measures of Development Television Receivers Number of television receivers and/or number of licenses issued per thousand inhabitants. Water Resources per Capita Average amount of water that is available per person from rivers and groundwater each year.

HDI Index Life Expectancy Adult Literacy GDP (US$) Rank   HDI Index Life Expectancy Adult Literacy GDP (US$)   Arab States 0.679 67 64.1 2,611   East Asia and the Pacific 0.768 70.5 90.4 1,512   Latin America / Caribbean 0.797 71.9 89.6 3,275   South Asia 0.628 63.4 58.9 617   Sub-Saharan Africa 0.515 46.1 60.5 633 OECD 0.892 77.7 na 25,750 World 0.741 67.1 5,801 High Human Development 1 Norway 0.963 79.4 99 48,412 10 United States 0.944 77.4 37,648 11 Japan 0.943 82 33,713 42 Slovakia 0.849 74 99.6 6,033 47 Costa Rica 0.838 78.2 95.8 4,352 53 Mexico 0.814 75.1 90.3 6,121 Medium Human Development 75 Venezuela 0.772 72.9 93 3,326 83 Armenia 0.759 71.5 99.4 918 84 Philippines 0.758 70.4 92.6 989 94 Turkey 0.75 68.7 88.3 3,399 108 Viet Nam 0.704 482 144 Uganda 0.508 47.3 68.9 249 Low Human Development 159 Rwanda 0.45 43.9 64 195 166 Zambia 0.394 37.5 67.9 417

New International Division of Labor

Measuring Development Social Indicators Education and Literacy

Measuring Development Social Indicators Health and Welfare

Location of More and Less Developed Countries Development generally reflects a North-South split in the world.

Human Development Index Created by the United Nations Measures three types of factors: economic, social, and demographic Economic factor selected GDP per capita Social factors are literacy and amount of education Demographic factor is life expectancy Factors combined for a maximum of 1.0 or 100% 2001: Norway #1 with .944

GNP Map

Concepts of Development Developed vs underdeveloped Developing? LDC vs MDC

Core Periphery Model Scholars argued for this new approach Sensitive to geographical differences and the relationships among development processes occurring in different places Focuses on economic relationships Core Periphery Semi periphery

Core Periphery Model Core Regions High levels of socioeconomic prosperity Dominant players in global economic game Anglo America HDI .94 Japan and the South Pacific HDI .93 Western Europe HDI .92 Eastern Europe HDI .78

Core Periphery Model Periphery Poor regions Dependent on the core Do not have much control over their own affairs

Periphery Regions Latin America HDI .78 East Asia HDI .72 Southeast Asia HDI .71 Middle East HDI .66 South Asia HDI .58 Sub Saharan Africa HDI .47

Core Periphery Model Semi Periphery Regions that exert more power than periphery regions Dominated to some degree by core

The North South Divide http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Northsouth.png Based on the 1980’s Brandt Report. Suggested a simplified world contrast of development and undevelopment based on degree of industrialization and per capita wealth.

Models of Development Liberal Models All countries are capable of development Economic disparities are a result of short term inefficiencies in local or regional market forces

Models of Development Structuralist Models Regional disparities are a structural feature of the global economy Things have come to be organized or structured in a way and cannot be changed easily

Modernization Model Walt Rostow, 1950’s Liberal model Development through international trade Suggests that all countries follow a similar path through economic development Traditional Preconditions to takeoff Takeoff Drive to maturity High mass consumption

Traditional Not yet started development High % of people engaged in subsistence agriculture High % of wealth allocated to ‘nonproductive activities’ such as religion and military Rigid and unchanging social structure Resistence to technological change

Preconditions of Takeoff An elite group initiates innovative economic activity Country begins investing in new technology and infrastructure Stimulate increase in productivity Progressive leadership

Takeoff Rapid growth facilitated by a limited number of economic activities Some sectors of the economic structure remain dominated by traditional practices Industrialization, urbanization, mass production

Drive to Maturity Modern technology diffuses to wide variety of industries Industries experience rapid growth similar to the early takeoff industries Workers become more skilled and specialized Modernization in the core Population growth declines

High Mass Consumption Economy shifts from production of heavy industry such as steel and energy to consumer goods like refrigerators and motor vehicles High incomes Widespread production of a variety of goods and services Majority of workers in service sector of economy

Dependency Theory Structuralist alternative to Rostow’s model Political and economic relationships between countries and regions control and limit the economic development of less well off regions Dependency helps sustain the prosperity of the dominant regions and the poverty of the lesser regions

Dependency Theory Little hope for economic prosperity in regions and countries that have traditionally been dominated by external power Based on generalizations that pay little attention to regional differences in culture, politics, and society

Colonization of Africa

Why do LDC’s face obstacles to development? Self-sufficiency International trade Financing development