1. Models of Development
Aim: Analyze various attempts to explain patterns of development.
Do Now: Why are LDCs less developed than MDCs?

2. “If It Were My Home” Assignment
Scroll down to the alphabetical list of countries, and click on each of your assigned countries.
For each country, read through the data provided. For each of the points, there is an arrow on the right for “more info” – click on it and read the information provided.
 For each country, write about a page answer for the following questions (two paragraphs total, minimum):
In what ways does the data suggest this country is less developed than the United States?
In what ways does the data suggest this country is more developed than the United States?
What relevant information stands out the most or is the most surprising? Explain.

3. Rostow’s Development Model
AKA Modernization Model
Economist Walter Rostow – 1962
Economic development was a process that all regions of the world would go through and experience in similar ways
Associated with classical liberalism / capitalism

4. Rostow’s Five-Stage Process of Development
Traditional society – subsistence farming
No countries are at this stage presently
Preconditions for takeoff – innovation paves the way for development
Takeoff – industrialization / urbanization
Drive to maturity – technology diffuses and advances; workers more skilled and educated
Age of high mass consumption – large middle class; industrialization developed to the point where goods and services are readily available and people don’t have to worry about having their needs met
MDC = Stage 4/5

6. Critique of Rostow’s Model
Not realistic to assume that countries develop in isolation from one another
Countries’ economies are actually linked
E.g., If one country’s economy is based on services and consumption, its food and manufactured goods are supplied by another country
Countries create obstacles for other countries’ development
Assumes that high levels of mass consumption is the development goal of every country
Countries may prioritize other factors
Political freedom
Decent working conditions

7. Structuralist Theory
The world economy has a set of structural circumstances that impede the development possibilities for poor countries
Wealth is concentrated in certain areas
Relationships among places are unequal
 LDCs are too dependent on trade with MDCs
These structural conditions are difficult to change
Associated with the left

8. Dependency Theory A structuralist theory of development
Colonialism caused colonies to become dependent on the colonial powers
This enabled the colonial powers to become wealthy at the expense of the colonized
Resources exploited and depleted
Dependency persists even after independence
May overgeneralize: not all former colonies/colonizers are the same
Has a lot of overlap with…

9. World Systems Theory (aka - the Core-Periphery Model) …again

10. Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory:
Immanuel Wallerstein, a U.S. social scientist, posited a world-systems analysis that unified the world economy with developed countries forming an inner core area, whereas developing countries occupy peripheral locations.
Developing countries in the periphery have less access to the world center of consumption, communications, wealth, and power, which are clustered in the core.

11. Unevenness of Economic Development
Core
2. Semi-Periphery
3. Periphery
Regions with undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity
Regions that dominate trade, control most advanced technologies, high levels of productivity and diversified economies
Regions that are able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves dominated by core regions

12. North-South Gap: Earth's six less developed regions are Latin America, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, East Asia, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The world's more developed regions are Anglo-America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe, plus Japan and the South Pacific. 12

13. FIGURE 9-68 CORE AND PERIPHERY This unorthodox world map projection emphasizes the central role that developed countries play at the core of the world economy.

14. Rostow vs. Wallerstein
Explain three differences between Rostow’s model and Wallerstein’s model.
Use one of the two models to explain the level of economic development in either Mexico or Brazil.
Give two examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale.

15. Barriers to and Costs of Development

16. Development Gap
Widening difference between development levels in MDCs and LDCs
MDCs improving development levels faster than LDCs
GDP nearly tripled in MDCs over last decade, but only doubled for LDCs
Rate of population increase fell drastically for MDCs but only slightly for LDCs

17. Social Conditions Youth dependency ratio Poor nutrition
Low life expectancy
High IMR / CMR
Poor sanitation
Lack of access to education
Especially for girls
Trafficking

18. Foreign Debt

19. Political Corruption and Instability

20. Industrialization
Export processing zones (EZPs)

21. Maquiladoras are an example of EZPs
Raw materials shipped in; manufactured goods shipped back
No tariffs
Began in 1965; increased in the 1980s
NAFTA increased even more
Location is significant

22. Agriculture

23. Tourism