©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 5: States of Consciousness Karen Huffman, Palomar College

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Lecture Overview Understanding Consciousness Sleep and Dreams Psychoactive Drugs Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Consciousness Consciousness: an organism’s awareness of its own self and surroundings

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Understanding Consciousness Alternate States of Consciousness (ASCs): mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, etc.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Circadian Rhythms Circadian Rhythms: biological changes occurring on a 24-hour cycle  Our energy level, mood, learning, and alertness all vary throughout the day.  Sections of the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the pineal gland regulate these changes.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Circadian Rhythms (Continued) Disrupted circadian rhythms from shift work, jet lag, and sleep deprivation may cause alterations in mood, concentration, motivation, attention, and motor skills.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking What happens to humans and other animals while we sleep and dream? Watch Animation

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep NREM (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: Stage 1 (lightest sleep) Stage 2 (deeper sleep) Stages 3 and 4 (deepest sleep) REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: Light sleep (also called paradoxical sleep)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued) NREM (non-REM) sleep:  includes Stages 1 through 4  involves lower-frequency brain waves, decreased pulse and breathing,and occasional, simple dreams  serves a biological need (NREM needs met before REM needs)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued) REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) sleep:  also known as paradoxical sleep.  involves high-frequency brain waves, increased pulse and breathing, large muscle.  serves a biological need.  may play a role in learning and consolidating new memories.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Research The EEG, EOG, and EMG are common tools for sleep research. Watch Animation

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep & Brain Waves

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Over the Life Span

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Average Daily Hours of Sleep for Different Mammals

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Why Do We Sleep? Repair/Restoration Theory: sleep helps us recuperate from daily activities Evolutionary/Circadian Theory: sleep evolved to conserve energy and as protection from predators Cognitive Theory: dreams improve information processing

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Why Do We Dream? Psychoanalytic Theory: dreams are disguised symbols (manifest versus latent content) of repressed desires and anxieties Biological Theory (activation-synthesis hypothesis): dreams are simple by-products of random stimulation of brain cells

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Sleep Disorders Two major categories: 1. Dyssomnias: problems in amount, timing, and quality of sleep 2. Parasomnias: abnormal disturbances during sleep

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Three Forms of Dyssomnias Insomnia: persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too early Sleep Apnea: repeated interruption of breathing during sleep Narcolepsy: sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Narcolepsy in Dogs

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Sleep and Dreams: Two Forms of Parasomnias Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams occurring near the end of sleep, during REM sleep Night Terrors: abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal and feelings of panic

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive Drugs: chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms Drug Abuse: drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the individual or others Addiction: compulsion to use a specific drug or to engage in a certain activity

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms Psychological Dependence: desire or craving to achieve effects produced by drug Physical Dependence: bodily processes have been so modified by repeated drug use that continued use is required to prevent withdrawal symptoms

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms (Continued) Withdrawal: discomfort and distress experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs Tolerance: decreased sensitivity to a drug brought about by its continuous use

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories 1. Depressants: act on the CNS to suppress bodily processes (e.g., alcohol, valium)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants (Continued)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants 2. Stimulants: act on the CNS to increase bodily processes (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? You’ll know how methamphetamine destroys the teeth and gums of chronic users.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: Opiates 3. Opiates: act as an analgesic or pain reliever (e.g., morphine, heroin)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens 4. Hallucinogens: produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations (e.g., LSD, marijuana)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Club Drug Alert! Popular “Club Drugs”:  Date Rape Drug (Rohypnol)  MDMA (Ecstasy)  GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate)  Special K (Ketamine)  Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine)  LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychoactive Drugs: How They Work Step 1). Alter the production or synthesis of neurotransmitters. Step 2). Change the storage or release of neurotransmitters. Step 3). Alter the reception of neurotransmitters. Step 4). Change the deactivation (block the reuptake or break-down) of excess neurotransmitters.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) How Psychoactive Drugs Work (Step 3: Agonists vs. Antagonists)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness Meditation: group of techniques designed to refocus attention, block out all distractions, and produce an ASC

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness Hypnosis: trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness Hypnosis is used to treat chronic pain, severe burns, dentistry, childbirth, psychotherapy.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? You’ll recognize the following myths about hypnosis: 1. Forced hypnosis 2. Unethical behavior 3. Exceptional memory 4. Superhuman strength 5. Fakery

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 5: States of Consciousness Karen Huffman, Palomar College