McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Cultural Exchange and Survival Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity 11 th Edition Conrad Phillip Kottak

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 Cultural Exchange and Survival Acculturation Contact and Dominations Resistance and Survival Making and Remaking People in Motion The Continuance of Diversity

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3 Acculturation –Westernization—the influence of Western expansion on indigenous peoples and their cultures Acculturation—changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact with another group that changes the cultural patterns of either or both groups

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4 Contact and Domination –“Shock phase” often follows initial encounter (Bodley 1988) May include civil repression backed up by military force Outsiders often attempt to remake native landscapes and cultures in their own image Different degrees of destructions, domination, resistance, survival, adaptation, and modification of native cultures may follow interethnic contact

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5 Contact and Domination –Currently, multinational corporations, usually based in core nations, change nature of Third World economies –Strategy that incorporates native forms more effective Development and Environmentalism

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6 Contact and Domination –Problems often arise when external regulation replaces native system –Given the threat that deforestation poses to global diversity, it is vitally important to devise conservation strategies that will work Development and Environmentalism –Clash of cultures may occur when development threatens indigenous peoples and their environments

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 Contact and Domination –Religious proselytizing can promote ethnocide, as native beliefs and practices are replaced by Western ones Sometimes political ideology of nation-state pitted against traditional religion Religious Change

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 Resistance and Survival Hidden transcript—critique of power that goes on offstage, where the dominators cannot see it (Scott 1990) Public transcript—open, public interactions between dominators and the oppressed (Scott 1990)

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9 Resistance and Survival Gramsci’s (1971) developed concept of hegemony—stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing their rulers’ values and accepting the “naturalness” of domination All hegemonic ideologies offer explanation about why existing order is in everyone’s interest

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10 Resistance and Survival Bourdieu (1977) and Foucault (1979) argue that it is much easier to control people’s minds than try to control their bodies

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11 Resistance and Survival –Often, situations that seem to be hegemonic have active resistance Individual and disguised resistance rather than collective and defiant Resistant most likely expressed openly when oppressed allowed to assemble Weapons of the Weak

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12 Resistance and Survival Weapons of the Weak –Factors that interfere with community formation also work to curb resistance Hidden transcripts tend to be publicly expressed at certain times (festivals and Carnavals) and in certain places (markets)

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13 Resistance and Survival –Mass media and related technology contributed to erosion of local cultures Cultural Imperialism—spread of one culture at the expense of others, usually because of differential economic or political influence

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 14 Making and Remaking Culture Text—something creatively read, interpreted, and assigned meaning by each person who receives it Readers constantly produced their own meanings from texts

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 15 Making and Remaking Culture –According to Fiske (1989), each individual’s use of popular culture is a creative act Individuals can draw on popular culture to express resistance Popular Culture

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 16 Making and Remaking Culture –When forces from world centers enter new societies, the societies are indigenized— modified to fit the local culture Indigenizing Popular Culture

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 17 Making and Remaking Culture –Mass media can spread and create national and ethnic identities Cross-cultural studies of television found that American program close to local products A World System of Images

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 18 Transnational Culture of Consumption –Migrant labor contributes to cultural diffusion Besides electronic media, finance a key transnational force

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 19 Transnational Culture of Consumption Business, technology, and media increased craving for commodities and images throughout world (Gottdiener 2000) Contemporary global culture driven by flows of people, technology, finance, information, images, and ideology (Appadurai 1990, 2001)

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 20 People in Motion –Scale of human movement expanded dramatically Diaspora—offspring of an area who have spread to many lands Linkages in modern world system enlarged and erased old boundaries and distinctions

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 21 People in Motion –Post modern—blurring and breakdown of established canons, categories, distinctions, and boundaries –Postmodernism—style and movement in architecture that succeeded modernism, beginning in the 1970s Postmodernity—describes our time and situation: today’s world in flux

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 22 People in Motion Globalization promotes intercultural communication, including travel and migration, which bring people from different societies into direct contact New kinds of political and ethnic units emerging simultaneously

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 23 The Continuance of Diversity Anthropology has crucial role to play in promoting more humanistic vision of social change –One that respects the value of cultural diversity Existence of anthropology tribute to continuing need to understand social and cultural similarities and differences