Chapter 8 Section 2 pp

“They made us many promises but they kept only one. They promised to take our land… and they did.” *Red Cloud-Oglala Lakota*

A. Cultures under Pressure 1. “Great American Desert” a) Diverse 1. Influenced by geography 2. Plains Indians-buffalo b) In common 1) Part of nature 2) Nature was sacred 3) Extended Family networks

A. horn: spoons, bowls, cups, arrowheads, and headdresses E. beard: dress ornament, war ornament I. blood: soupM. paunch: water boiling bag, water bag, water basin, water bucket, water cups, and contents used as skin medicine Q. fat: deodorant for traps, food,tanning, and mix paint B. skull: sun dance, fetish, headdress in buffalo hunts F. hair: ball stuffing, saddle, rope, and fetish wrapping Hide: clothing, housing, footwear, blankets, floor covering, shields, saddle bags J. Gallstone: yellow paintN. leg bone: paint pencil, and scraper R. kidney: food C. brain: tanning, and food G. lung: foodK. scrotum: stirrup cover rattles O. tail: teepee decoration, whip, fetish, sweat lodge, water sprinkler, sun dance ornament, and fly swatter S. ribs: dice, knife, and fetish D. teeth: jewelry tongue: choice food, sacred food H. hoof: glue, digging tool toe: paint, pencil, and toy horse L. intestine: tripe, and bow wrapping P. bladder: water bagT. rib: skin scraper, arrow straightener, arrow points, and children's sled

2. Threatened by settlers/Govt. Policy a) 1830’s- Removal: Indian Removal Act moves 5 Tribes west of Mississippi

b. 1850’s-Reservation 1. Gold and silver found in the West (including Indian Territory) 2. Transcontinental Railroad 3. “Rain will follow Plow” “…the plow was the unerring prophet, the…cause, that can persuade the heavens to yield their treasures of dew and rain upon the land…” “The raindrop never fails to fall and answer to the imploring power or prayer of labor.”

c) Death of Buffalo 1) 1872: Organized bison kills begin on the Great Plains

B. Settlers and Native Americans Clash 1. Sand Creek Massacre 1864-Slaughter of Cheyenne & Arapaho by Army 2. Fetterman Massacre 1866-Slaughter of Army by Sioux Cheyenne camp along the river

Death on the Bozeman Chief Red Cloud ??? Crazy Horse

3. Fort Laramie Treaty 1868 a) No roads or forts on Sioux land b) Sioux live on reservations with govt. assistance

C. End of the Indian Wars Plains Indians leave reservations in disgust… 1. Red River War a) US Government fails to enfoce the terms of the 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge (white hunters not kept of Indian lands, food and supplies not promised as delivered etc.) b) Hostilities begin with an attack by Indians on Texans near the Red River and last for about a year.

Red River Raids Kiowa Indian

1. Battle of the Little Big Horn Gold Miners enter Sioux lands in the Black Hills 2. Sioux see no reason to abide by treaty that is being broken by Americans. 3. Army sends expedition led by General Terry and Lt. Col. George Custer Custer launches attack on Sioux warriors. 5. All 210 of Custer’s men killed.

Custer’s last Stand Sioux Chief Sitting Bull Gen. George Custer

“Our chiefs are killed…The little children are freezing to death. My people…have no blankets, no food…Hear me, my chiefs; I am tires; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever.” 1. Nez Perce/Chief Joseph 1. Refused to be moved to a smaller reservation in Idaho in Fled the army and embarked on a flight of more than 1300 miles. 3. Finally, in October of 1877, Chief Joseph surrendered and he and his people were exiled to OK.

1. Wounded Knee-Dec 29, 1890 a) Ghost Dance- b) Sitting Bull c) Wounded Knee battle d) End of resistance

D. Assimilation-to be absorbed into the main culture of a society (make a trade or farm) 1. Banned a) Religion b) Sacred ceremonies c) Folklore d) Languages 2. Rejected by both cultures

3. Dawes General Allotment Act 1887 a) Indians as individuals (rather than communities) b) 160 acres of land to farm (allowed land to open for white settlers) c) Boarding schools