Community Ecology: Structure, Species Interactions, Succession, and Sustainability G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 8 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 8 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

Key Concepts  Community structure  Roles of species  Species interactions  Changes in ecosystems  Stability of ecosystems

Community Structure: Appearance and Species Diversity  Stratification  Species diversity  Species richness  Niche structure  Edge effects Fig. 8-2 p. 166

Biodiversity  Latitude  Depth  Pollution  Theory of island biogeography Fig. 8-3 p. 167 Ants Birds

Species diversity ,0004,0006,000 Depth (meters) 02,0004,0006,000 Depth (meters) CoastDeep SeaCoastDeep Sea SnailsTube worms Figure 8-4 Page 167 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

Number of individuals per diatom species Number of diatom species Unpolluted stream Polluted stream Figure 8-5 Page 168

Number of individuals per diatom species Number of diatom species Unpolluted stream Polluted stream Figure 8-5 Page 168

Click to view animation. Animation Area and distance effects interaction.

High Low Rate of immigration or extinction Equilibrium number Immigration and extinction rates Number of species on island (a) Figure 8-6 (1) Page 168 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

High Low Rate of immigration or extinction Small island Effect of island size Number of species on island (b) Large island Figure 8-6(2) Page 168 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

,0004,0006,0008,00010,000 Distance from New Guinea (kilometers) Number of species (percentage of sample studied) NEW GUINEA Figure 8-7 (1) Page 169 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

,00010,000100,000 Area (square miles) Number of amphibian and reptile species 10 SABAMONTSERRATCUBA Hispaniola Puerto Rico Jamaica Cuba Montserrat Saba Redonda Figure 8-7 (2) Page 169 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

General Types of Species  Native  Non-native (exotic or alien)  Indicator  Keystone

In-text figure Page 171 sperm Eggs Sexual reproduction Fertilized egg development Organ formation Egg hatches Tadpole develops Into frog Young frog Adult frog (3 years)

Species Interactions: Competition  Intraspecific competition  Interspecific competition  Interference competition  Exploitation competition  Competitive exclusion principle  Resource partitioning

High Low Relative population density Days Each species grown alone Paramecium aurelia Paramecium caudatum Figure 8-8 (1) Page 174

High Low Relative population density Days Both species grown together Paramecium aurelia Paramecium caudatum Figure 8-8 (2) Page 174

Click to view animation. Animation Gause's competition experiment interaction.

Figure 8-10 Page 175

Resource Partitioning Fig. 8-9 p. 175; Refer to Fig p. 152 & Fig p. 175

Species Interactions: Predation  Predator  Prey  Prey acquisition  Predator Avoidance Refer to Fig p. 177

Span worm Bombardier beetle Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly Foul-tasting monarch butterfly Poison dart frog When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake Figure 8-11 Page 177 Wandering leaf insect Hind wings of io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal

Symbiotic Species Interactions: Parasitism  Parasite  Host  Endoparasites  Ectoparasites

Figure 8-12 Page 179 Oxpeckers and black rhinocerosClown fish and sea anemone Mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in normal soil Lack of mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in sterilized soil

Symbiotic Species Interactions: Mutualism  Reproductive mutualism: pollination  Nutritional mutualism  Nutritional/protection mutualism Fig p. 179

Symbiotic Species Interactions: Commensalism  Indirect: i.e., small plants growing in shade of larger plants  Direct: i.e., epiphytes, remoras Fig p. 180

Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition  Primary succession  Secondary succession  Pioneer species  Successional species

Primary Succession Fig p. 180

Secondary Succession Fig p. 181

Succession and Wildlife Fig p. 182

The Rate of Succession Refer to Table 8-1 p. 182  Facilitation  Inhibition  Tolerance

Ecological Stability and Sustainability Refer to Table 8-2 p. 193  Disturbance  Climax community  Inertia  Constancy  Resilience  Precautionary principle

1000 Percentage disturbance Species diversity Figure 8-17 Page 184

Grizzly bear NORTH AMERICA Spotted owl Black- footed ferret Kemp’s ridley turtle California condor Golden toad Columbia has lost one-third of its forest Black lion tamarin SOUTH AMERICA More than 60% of the Pacific Northwest coastal forest has been cut down 40% of North America’s range and cropland has lost productivity Hawaiian monk seal Half of the forest in Honduras and Nicaragua has disappeared Mangroves cleared in Equador for shrimp ponds Southern Chile’s rain forest is threatened Little of Brazil’s Atlantic forest remains Every year 14,000 square kilometers of rain forest is destroyed in the Amazon Basin Coral reef destruction Much of Everglades National Park has dried out and lost 90% of its wading birds ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN Manatee Chesapeake Bay is overfished and polluted Fish catch in the north-west Atlantic has fallen 42% since its peak in 1973 Humpback whale St. Lawrence beluga whale Eastern cougar Florida panther Environmental degradation Vanishing biodiversity Endangered species 6.0 or more children per woman Figure 8-18 (1) Pages 186

Click to view animation. Animation Resources depletion and degradation interaction