1. Community Ecology Mr. Clark Bethpage HS

2. Key Concepts  Community structure  Roles of species  Species interactions  Changes in ecosystems  Stability of ecosystems

3. Community Structure  Appearance  Species diversity  Species richness  Niche structure  Edge effects

4. Species Diversity Species richness Species evenness Shannon- Weiner Index

6. Biodiversity  Latitude  Depth  Pollution  Theory of island biogeography Ants Birds

7. Ants Birds

8. Click to view animation. Types of two species interactions animation. Species Diversity 1,000 100 10 Latitude 80ºN 6040 20 0 200 100 0 90ºN 60 30 0 30ºS 60 Latitude (a) Ants (b) Breeding birds

9. Number of individuals per diatom species Number of diatom species Unpolluted stream Polluted stream

10. High Low Rate of immigration or extinction Equilibrium number Immigration and extinction rates Number of species on island (a) © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

11. High Low Rate of immigration or extinction Small island Effect of island size Number of species on island (b) Large island © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

12. High Low Rate of immigration or extinction Far island Effect of distance from mainland Number of species on island (c) Near island © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Immigration (near island) Immigration (far island) Extinction

13. Click to view animation. Area and distance effects interaction.

14. General Types of Species  Native  Non-native (exotic or alien)  Indicator  Keystone  Foundation

15. Keystone Species

17. sperm Eggs Sexual reproduction Fertilized egg development Organ formation Egg hatches Tadpole develops Into frog Young frog Adult frog (3 years)

18. Span worm Bombardier beetle Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly Foul-tasting monarch butterfly Poison dart frog When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake Wandering leaf insect Hind wings of io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal

19. Predator Camouflage

20. Species Interactions: Competition  Interspecific competition  Predation  Parasitism  Mutualism  Commensalism  Resource partitioning

21. Predators

22. Defense Strategies Sharp Edges Poison Ivy Spines

23. Animal Defenses Bright Color Warning

24. Click to view animation. Gause's competition experiment interaction.

25. Resource Partitioning and Niche Specialization

27. Species Interactions: Predation  Predator  Prey  Prey acquisition  Predator avoidance

28. Symbiotic Species Interactions: Parasitism  Parasite  Host  Important ecological roles of parasites

29. Symbiotic Species Interactions: Mutualism  Pollination mutualism  Nutritional mutualism  Gut inhabitant mutualism

30. Oxpeckers and black rhinocerosClown fish and sea anemone Mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in normal soil Lack of Mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in sterilized soil

31. Click to view animation. Types of two species interactions animation.

32. Symbiotic Species Interactions: Commensalism  Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the other  Example: Small plants growing in shade of larger plants

33. Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition  Primary succession  Secondary succession  Pioneer species  Successional species

34. Click to view animation. Two types of ecological succession animation.

35. Primary Succession

36. Secondary Succession

37. The Rate of Succession  Facilitation  Inhibition  Tolerance

38. Ecological Stability and Sustainability  Disturbance  Climax community  Inertia  Constancy  Resilience  Precautionary principle

39. Table 8-1 Page 158 Table 8-1 Ecosystem Characteristics at Immature and Mature Stages of Ecological Succession Characteristic Ecosystem Structure Plant size Species diversity Trophic structure Ecological niches Community organization (number of interconnecting links) Ecosystem Function Biomass Net primary productivity Food chains and webs Efficiency of nutrient recycling Efficiency of energy use Immature Ecosystem (Early Successional Stage) Small Low Mostly producers, few decomposers Few, mostly generalized Low High Simple, mostly plant herbivore with few decomposers Low Immature Ecosystem (Late Successional Stage) Large High Mixture of producers, consumers, and decomposers Many, mostly specialized High Low Complex, dominated by decomposers High

40. Click to view animation. Resources depletion and degradation interaction