1. Community Ecology: Structure, Species Interactions, Succession, and Sustainability G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 12 th Edition Chapter 8 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 12 th Edition Chapter 8 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

2. Key Concepts  Community structure  Roles of species  Species interactions  Changes in ecosystems  Stability of ecosystems

3. mft 10 50 20 30 100 Tropical rain forest Coniferous forest Deciduous forest Thorn forest Tall-grass prairie Short-grass prairie Desert scrub Thorn scrub Community Structure: Appearance and Species Diversity  Stratification  Species diversity  Species richness  Niche structure  Edge effects Fig. 8.2, p. 174

4. Biodiversity  Latitude  Depth  Pollution  Theory of island biogeography Species diversity 100 0 200 90˚N 60300 30˚S 60 Latitude 1,000 100 10 80˚N 6040200 Latitude Ants Birds Fig. 8.3, p. 175

5. General Types of Species  Native  Non-native (exotic or alien)  Indicator  Keystone

6. Species Interactions: Competition  Intraspecific competition  Interspecific competition  Interference competition  Exploitation competition  Competitive exclusion principle  Resource partitioning

7. Resource Partitioning Number of individuals Resource use Species 1 Species 2 Regionof niche overlap Species 1 Species 2 Fig. 8.10, p. 183 Refer to Fig. 8.9, p. 183 & Fig. 8.11, p. 184

8. Species Interactions: Predation  Predator  Prey  Prey acquisition  Predator Avoidance Refer to Fig. 8-12 p. 186

9. Symbiotic Species Interactions: Parasitism  Parasite  Host  Endoparasites  Ectoparasites

10. Symbiotic Species Interactions: Mutualism  Reproductive mutualism: pollination  Nutritional mutualism  Nutritional/protection mutualism Fig. 8.13, p. 187

11. Symbiotic Species Interactions: Commensalism  Indirect: i.e., small plants growing in shade of larger plants  Direct: i.e., epiphytes, remoras Fig. 8-14 p. 187

12. Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition  Primary succession  Secondary succession  Pioneer species  Successional species

13. Primary Succession Time Small herbs and shrubs Heath mat Jack pine, black spruce, and aspen Balsam fir, paper birch, and white spruce climax community Exposed rocks Lichens and mosses Fig. 8.15, p. 188

14. Secondary Succession Time Annual weeds Perennial weeds and grasses Shrubs Young pine forest Mature oak-hickory forest Fig. 8.16, p. 189

15. Succession and Wildlife Early Successional Species Rabbit Quail Ringneck pheasant Dove Bobolink Pocket gopher Midsuccessional Species Elk Moose Deer Ruffled grouse Snowshoe hare Bluebird Late Successional Species Turkey Martin Hammond’s Flycatcher Gray squirrel Wilderness Species Grizzly bear Wolf Caribou Bighorn sheep California condor Great horned owl Ecological succession Fig. 8.17, p. 190

16. The Rate of Succession Refer to Table 8-1 p. 190  Facilitation  Inhibition  Tolerance

17. Ecological Stability and Sustainability Refer to Table 8-2 p. 191  Disturbance  Climax community  Inertia  Constancy  Resilience  Precautionary principle