1. Slide 1 Figure 8-1 Page 143

2. Slide 2 mft 10 50 20 30 100 Tropical rain forest Coniferous forest Deciduous forest Thorn forest Tall-grass prairie Short-grass prairie Desert scrub Thorn scrub Figure 8-2 Page 144

3. Slide 3 Figure 8-3 Page 145 Species Diversity 1,000 100 10 Latitude 80ºN6040200 200 100 0 90ºN6030030ºS60 Latitude (a) Ants (b) Breeding birds

4. Slide 4 Number of individuals per diatom species Number of diatom species Unpolluted stream Polluted stream Figure 8-4 Page 145

5. Slide 5 High Low Rate of immigration or extinction Equilibrium number Immigration and extinction rates Number of species on island (a) Figure 8-5a Page 146 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

6. Slide 6 High Low Rate of immigration or extinction Small island Effect of island size Number of species on island (b) Large island Figure 8-5b Page 146 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

7. Slide 7 High Low Rate of immigration or extinction Far island Effect of distance from mainland Number of species on island (c) Near island Figure 8-5c Page 146 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Immigration (near island) Immigration (far island) Extinction

8. Slide 8 Click to view animation. Animation Area and distance effects interaction.

9. Slide 9 Figure 8-6 Page 147 sperm Eggs Sexual reproduction Fertilized egg development Organ formation Egg hatches Tadpole develops Into frog Young frog Adult frog (3 years)

10. Slide 10 Click to view animation. Animation Gause's competition experiment interaction.

11. Slide 11 Number of individuals Resource use Species 1Species 2 Region of niche overlap Species 1Species 2 Figure 8-7 Page 150 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

12. Slide 12 Figure 8-8 Page 151

13. Slide 13 Span worm Bombardier beetle Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly Foul-tasting monarch butterfly Poison dart frog When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake Figure 8-9 Page 153 Wandering leaf insect Hind wings of io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal

14. Slide 14 Figure 8-10 Page 155 Oxpeckers and black rhinocerosClown fish and sea anemone Mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in normal soil Lack of mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in sterilized soil

15. Slide 15 Time Small herbs and shrubs Heath mat Jack pine, black spruce, and aspen Balsam fir, paper birch, and white spruce climax community Exposed rocks Lichens and mosses Figure 8-11 Page 157

16. Slide 16 Time Annual weeds Perennial weeds and grasses Shrubs Young pine forest Mature oak-hickory forest Figure 8-12 Page 158

17. Slide 17 Click to view animation. Two types of ecological succession animation. Animation

18. Slide 18 Table 8-1 Page 158 Table 8-1 Ecosystem Characteristics at Immature and Mature Stages of Ecological Succession Characteristic Ecosystem Structure Plant size Species diversity Trophic structure Ecological niches Community organization (number of interconnecting links) Ecosystem Function Biomass Net primary productivity Food chains and webs Efficiency of nutrient recycling Efficiency of energy use Immature Ecosystem (Early Successional Stage) Small Low Mostly producers, few decomposers Few, mostly generalized Low High Simple, mostly plant herbivore with few decomposers Low Immature Ecosystem (Late Successional Stage) Large High Mixture of producers, consumers, and decomposers Many, mostly specialized High Low Complex, dominated by decomposers High

19. Slide 19 Click to view animation. Animation Resources depletion and degradation interaction

20. Slide 20 Click to view animation. Types of two species interactions animation. Animation

21. Slide 21 Click to view animation. Types of two species interactions animation. Animation