Bellwork 1.List the religious texts of Islam 2.Who are the Sunni? 3.Who are the Shia? 4.List the 5 pillars of Islam 5.What is the Kaaba? 6.Who are the Rightly Guided Caliphs?

Complete Unit of The Rise of the Muslim States 1.The Umayyad Dynasty 2.The Abbasid Dynasty 3.Muslim Contribution to the World All Image: Public Domain * Cordoba Damascus * * Baghdad

Learning Target Describe the expansion of Muslim rule, cultural diffusion of Islam and the Arabic Language Describe the establishment of Trade Routes

The Umayyads Dynasty All Images: Public Domain

Umayyad Expansion Mu’awiyah claimed caliph after Ali’s death (4 th caliph) and fought against Ali’s supporters Mu’awiyah founded the Umayyad Dynasty in 661 They expanded their empire by attacking major trading cities All Images: Public Domain

They set up a hereditary dynasty They moved the capital from Medina to Damascus By 700, the Umayyads controlled much of Central Asia and 10 years later took controlled of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula All Images: Public Domain Damascus *Medina Iberian PeninsulaCentral Asia North Africa

Umayyads Build a Unified Empire In order to govern the people over the vast land, Umayyad leaders unified the empire in 3 ways: 1. Established a strong bureaucracy – a system of government in which a network of departments and agencies carries out the administrative work Caliphs were able to rule from the capital city of Damascus by appointing Muslim governors Muslim governors relied on local clan leaders to help them govern that area * Damascus All Images: Public Domain

2. Established the Arabic language as the language of government As more Muslims were non-Arabs, it created a language barrier Having a common language helped diverse culture to communicate more easily The word for the Arabic language All Images: Public Domain

3. Established a common coinage Arabic quotations from the Qur’an were engraved onto the coins to help spread Islam It made commerce between the different parts of the empire easier All Images: Public Domain

Overthrow of the Umayyads Many Muslims became bitter with the Umayyad because: –leaders did not take their job seriously –leaders were too interested in their own wealth –leaders were power hungry All Images: Public Domain

By 750, a rebellious group called the Abbasids slowly gained support from Muslims who opposed the Umayyad The Abbasids invited all the Umayyad leaders to a peace meeting, but murdered all of the leaders instead. Abd al-Rahman was the only one who escaped the ambush All Images: Public Domain

The Abbasid Dynasty Baghdad All Images: Public Domain

Abbasid Rule By 750, the Abbasids took power from the Umayyad and built a powerful empire The Abbasids held on to power because they built a standing army- fighting force maintained in war and peace They persuaded people to accept their rule by using the policy of inclusion in their government –Declared all Muslims were equal (Arab or non-Arab) –Encouraged Christians and Jews to serve in the government All Images: Public Domain

In 762, the Abbasids moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad to be closer to their Persian supporters Baghdad was once a small village located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers As the population grew by more than 900,000, the Abbasids changed the city from desert into gardens with new and improved irrigation Damascus * *Baghdad All Images: Public Domain Irrigation System Dark green are territories that were lost early on. Tigris River

Baghdad was the world’s major trading center due to its location between the east and west routes Merchants brought goods from Africa, Europe, India, and China into Baghdad Industry flourished and merchants were willing to pay for top prices for goods All Images: Public Domain

Overthrow of the Abbasids There were 3 main factors that led to the decline of Abbasid rule 1. Failure of the leadership caused resentment –Enjoyed their power and wealth –Ignored government responsibilities –Didn’t protect merchants from bandits –Raised taxes due to the decline in trade All Images: Public Domain Bandits

2. In the 10 th century, the Fatimid dynasty drove out the Abbasids in Egypt and Tunisia Religious differences caused conflicts –Fatimids claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter, Fatima –Fatimids were Shi’a Muslims and the Abbasids embraced Sunni Islam –Fatimids believed Muslims should live a simple lifestyle, unlike the Abbasids The Fatimids built their capital city in Cairo, Egypt and established their caliphate By 960s, the Fatimids controlled North Africa Fatimid caliph All Images: Public Domain Cairo * Marketplace Al Azhar Mosque, University of Cairo

3. The Seljuk Turks from Central Asia invaded and took control of Baghdad The Seljuk leaders ruled the empire, but allowed the Abbasid caliph to remain the religious leader They converted to Islam over time They captured Jerusalem and attacked the Byzantine empire, and played a major role in the Crusades The invasion of the Mongols in 1258 ended the Abbasids dynasty All Images: Public Domain