Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe European History Western Civilization T. Richey

TERMS LIST 1. Byzantine Empire 2. Ottoman Empire 3. Janissaries 4. Prussia 5. Junkers 6. Estates 7. Frederick, the Great Elector 8. Frederick William I 9. Prussian Militarism 10. Russia 11. Boyars 12. Orthodox Church 13. Mongol Yoke 14. Ivan III 15. Tsar 16. “Third Rome” 17. Ivan IV, “the Terrible” 18. Service Nobility 19. Peter the Great 20. Westernization 21. Peter’s Absolutism 22. Table of Ranks 23. Peter’s Church Reforms 24. Charles XII 25. Great Northern War 26. Partition of Poland

The Decline of the Byzantine Empire 11 th -15 th centuries “Buffer State” Between Islamic empires and Christian Europe “Buffer State” Between Islamic empires and Christian Europe

The Fall of Constantinople 1453 The Ottoman Turks Sultan Mehmet II enters Constantinople Sultan Mehmet II enters Constantinople

The Ottoman Empire at its peak

The Janissary Corps Sultan’s bodyguard and elite troops Sultan’s bodyguard and elite troops Property of the Sultan Property of the Sultan Pre-teen boys taken from Christian subjects Pre-teen boys taken from Christian subjects Converted to Islam Converted to Islam A Double-edged Sword A Double-edged Sword Sultans complained of being subjects of their own slaves Sultans complained of being subjects of their own slaves

The Hapsburg Monarchy Austria-Hungary

The Decline of the Ottoman Empire as a European Power Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ottoman-Hapsburg Wars

Russia Powerful Institutions Powerful Institutions –Boyars (Nobility) –Streltsy (Military) –Russian Orthodox Church Boyars and Church held most of the wealth. Boyars and Church held most of the wealth.

The Mongol Yoke The Mongols conquered Russia in the 1200s. “Great Princes” of Muscovy –Collected Taxes –Kept Order –Paid Tribute

Russian Eagle Appropriated from the Byzantine Empire

The “Third Rome” 1453 – Fall of Constantinople 1480 – Ivan III defeats Mongols Tsar – Russian variant of Caesar “Third Rome” “Holy Russia”

Muscovy / Russia Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Tsar Ivan IV “The Terrible” ( ) Took throne at 3 mistreated by Boyars Established a “Service Nobility”

Pete r the Great Westernization Warm Water Ports (Navy)

Peter the Great Giant (6’7”) Expanded Russia’s territory Father of the Russian Navy Established a standing army on the Prussian model

PROBLEM: NO Warm Water Ports

BRRR!!!! BRRR!!!!

The Azov Campaign Ottoman Empire Peter I of Russia Peter I of Russia OBJECTIVE: Control of Sea of Azov First Campaign: FAIL Second Campaign: WIN Russian Navy

The Decline of the Ottoman Empire as a European Power Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

VIDEO TIME?

Key Stops Key Stops –Amsterdam (four months) –England Peter the Great’s Gift to William III of England Peter’s European Tour

Peter the Great’s Kaftans Pre-European Tour, of course!

WESTERNIZATION

From Washington’s Farewell Address “Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me, fellow- citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake…”

Resistance to Westernization The Streltsy The Church Russia’s Privileged Classes

Retribution Westernization in Action “Their leaders, with several of their officers and priests, were condemned to death; some were broken upon the wheel, and two women were buried alive; upwards of two thousand of the Streltzy were executed, part of whom were hanged round about the walls of the city…” -- Voltaire

Pictures from Patriarch Alexei’s Funeral (2008): Pictures from Patriarch Alexei’s Funeral (2008): The Russian Orthodox Church

Church Reforms Russian Orthodox Church ConservativeAnti-reform How would this threaten Peter? Peter replaced the Patriarch with a synod of bishops. Christian toleration for foreigners

FigureheadNo Figurehead SynodPatriarch The office of Patriarch was not reinstated until 1917, just before the Russian Revolution.

Table of Ranks Fourteen Ranks Fourteen Ranks –everyone, even nobles, started at the bottom Noblemen required to serve in the army or civil administration for life Noblemen required to serve in the army or civil administration for life Five years mandatory education abroad Five years mandatory education abroad

The Great Northern War Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Charles XII of Sweden Charles XII of Sweden Peter I of Russia Peter I of Russia OBJECTIVE: Warm Water Port

CHARLES XII King of Sweden

Peter DEFEATED

Battle of Poltava ( 1709) Peter WINS!!!

Church on the Battlefield

St. Petersburg Peter’s Imperial Capital Peter reviewing plans outside his log cabin

From Nothing… Population of St. Petersburg

The Partitions of Poland Poland had a constitutional monarchy – a weak state surrounded by strong neighbors. Poland had a constitutional monarchy – a weak state surrounded by strong neighbors.

LOUIS XIVPETER THE GREAT