Unit 8 Content Review pg CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

Civil Rights: TIMELINE – pg 33 Truman’s Executive Order 9981 (1948) – Desegregation of the Armed Forces Brown v. Board of Education Decision (1954) – Supreme Court decision to INTEGRATE SCHOOLS overturns Plessey V. Ferguson & ‘separate but equal’ Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus in Montgomery Alabama – MLK’s first action as a civil rights leader was to organize a boycott of Montgomery’s public bus system until the city integrated them Civil Rights Act of 1957 – Intended to increase minority voter registration, it created the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Justice Department

Civil Rights: TIMELINE – pg 33 Integration of Little Rock High School in Arkansas (1957) – “Little Rock 9” students are escorted to class by federal troops to ensure integration (uphold Brown v. Board) Freedom Rides / Lunch Counter Sit-Ins (1960) – Methods of CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE used to expose segregation practices (JIM CROW LAWS) in the South MLK’s “I Have A Dream” Speech (1963) – At the culmination of the March on Washington, King gives a speech about his hopes for social equality. Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Passed by Johnson, this act ends segregation in all public places and private businesses.

Civil Rights: TIMELINE – pg 33 Voting Rights Act of 1965 – Passed by Johnson, it eliminates barriers to voting like poll taxes and literacy tests used in Southern States Freedom Summer Campaign to register minority voters in the South; predominantly in Mississippi. Affirmative Action (1965) – Part of Johnson’s Great Society, this program was set up to ensure minority citizens received equal opportunities and equal pay in the work place.

Leaders of the Civil Rights Movement pg 34 Rosa Parks – NAACP member who refused to give up her seat on a bus; leads to the Montgomery Bus Boycott Malcolm X – Activist who believes that violence was sometimes a necessary means to an end Thurgood Marshall – Lawyer in the Brown v. Board court case, and first African American Supreme Court Justice Martin Luther King Jr. & His Writings – Activist who believed in non-violence and civil disobedience to end inequality and discrimination – Letter from a Birmingham Jail -- why civil disobedience is the best method of protest – I Have a Dream -- hopes for equality in the future

Struggle for Equality – pg 35 Mexican Americans – The Chicano Movement began as a method of improving the conditions for migrant farm workers, but became a movement for equality – Leader = Cesar Chavez / U.F.W. (United Farm Workers) – Chicano Mural Movement = show/educate others about Hispanic culture and heritage American Indian Movement (AIM) – Native American movement to gain cultural acceptance and understanding.

Struggle for Equality – pg 35 Feminist Movement – Betty Friedan: Author of the Feminine Mystique; brought up the question of women’s happiness working in the home (“is there more?”) revived Women’s Rights Movement – Title IX: requires equal access and opportunities for women in schools receiving federal funding…usually sports related, but also any other academic programs or activities – Equal Pay Act: A law to require the equal pay of women for equal work when compared to their male counterparts Gay Rights Movement (Rainbow Coalition) – Homosexuals begin working to gain equal rights (and treatment) – Still struggle today for the right to marriage

Johnson’s Great Society Programs pg 36 Medicare Act of 1965 – Provides health care to people over the age of 65 “War on Poverty” – Programs created to train underprivileged youth and a domestic “Peace Corps” to help depressed areas Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Bans segregation in all public places and discrimination in hiring practices Voting Rights Act of 1965 – Removes barriers to voting (poll taxes & literacy tests) Affirmative Action – Created to ensure fair employment practices are applied to all races (pay, benefits, promotions, etc.)

Texas Civil Rights Court Cases – pg 37 Mendez v. Westminster ISD – Decision: Cannot segregate Mexican-Americans in schools Delgado v. Bastrop ISD – Decision: Cannot segregate Mexican-Americans in schools, – Hispanics are due protection under the 14th amendment Hernandez v. Texas – Decision: Hernandez had a right to trial by a jury of his “peers” –other Mexican Americans White v. Regester – Decision: election boundaries cannot be drawn to exclude the election of minority candidates Edgewood ISD v. Kirby – Decision: public schools must be funded equally by the state ( led to ‘ROBIN HOOD’ Plan )