Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 13/e Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America

2 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. America in 1700

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America The Colonial Population The Colonial Population  Immigration – heterogeneous & divergent popl.  Mostly follow English culture; regions had conflict  Natural Increase – equals out sex ratio –Indentured Servitude  Majority men from lower/working classes; looking for opportunities; some convicts, paupers, orphans (forced)  Realities of Indentured Servitude  Harsh, promises of land not kept 3 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America The Colonial Population The Colonial Population –Birth and Death  High mortality in Chesapeake and South and South  Exceptional longevity in New England  More balanced sex ratio –Medicine in the Colonies  Midwives v. Doctors  Little needed to get into medicine  Humoralism used  No scientific method The Non-Indian Population of North America, © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America The Colonial Population The Colonial Population –Women and Families in the Chesapeake  Male authority undermined (women lived longer than husbands)  Mortality  Childbirth #1 cause of death in women of death in women  Infant rate high  Greater independence for women in the South for women in the South  Revival of Patriarchy  Once mortality rates declined Virginia and Carolina, 1638 (Royalty-Free / CORBIS) 5 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America The Colonial Population The Colonial Population –Women and Families in New England  Male-dominated New England  Lower mortality rates promoted traditional/stable families traditional/stable families  The Patriarchal Puritan Family  Son relied on parents for land  Daughters relied on parents for dowries for dowries  Parents had more control over children over children New England, 1755 (Royalty-Free / CORBIS ) 6 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America The Colonial Population The Colonial Population –The Beginnings of Slavery in British America  Scarcity of labor (decline of indentured servitude) in the southern & Chesapeake colonies increased demand for slaves  The Middle Passage  Brutal route slaves took from Africa to the West Indies (most North American slaves bought from Caribbean)  Slave Codes  Assumption of black inferiority pushed Africans from status of servant to slave for life  These were enacted one law at a time; made to ensure white supremacy 7

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America African Population of British Colonies, © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slave Ship (Library of Congress)

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America The Colonial Population The Colonial Population –Changing Sources of European Immigration –WHY?  English prosperity increasing and conditions in other parts of Europe deteriorating  French Huguenots and German Protestants fled their countries due to religious persecutions  Many Germans settled in PA & became known as the Pennsylvania Dutch (Deutsch) 9 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America The Colonial Population The Colonial Population –Changing Sources of European Immigration –Other immigrants went to North Carolina –Scots-Irish Presbyterians migrated to the frontier – established Presbyterianism –European population in the colonies doubled every 25 years 10 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11 Immigrant Groups In Colonial America

© 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 French Huguenot Church in Charleston, SC

© 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 Pennsylvania Dutch Hex Signs

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America Selling Tobacco (American Heritage) The Colonial Economies The Colonial Economies Commerce = primary Commerce = primary economic activity in economic activity in most colonies most colonies  Rapid Population Growth = more trade more trade 14 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America The Colonial Economies The Colonial Economies –The Southern Economy - agrarian  Tobacco in Chesapeake – overproduction caused price changes and instability  Rice in SC and GA used slaves who used knowledge from Africa to cultivate it  Indigo – introduced in the 1740s; complemented rice production –Northern Economic and Technological Life  More Diverse Agriculture in the North – most commercial farming in middle colonies  Saugus Ironworks – in MA, a technological success  Extractive Industries – shipbuilding flourished too 15

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America The Colonial Economies The Colonial Economies –The Extent and Limits of Technology  Myth of self-sufficiency – many houses too isolated or poor to afford basic goods and tools; had to buy what they couldn’t make  Colonial economies unable to provide manufactured goods and commerce to fill the demands –The Rise of Colonial Commerce  Shortage of Currency – slowed trade at first, but coast trade developed eventually  Triangular Trade – three-leg trade route involving Europe, Africa, and the colonies  EFFECT: growing prosperity and increasing supply of consumer goods resulted in consumerism  EFFECT: standard of living increases  EFFECT: Emerging Merchant Class 16

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America 17 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The “Triangular Trade”

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America The Colonial Economies The Colonial Economies –The Rise of Consumerism –Colonies had abundant land & a small popl.  Relied on consumerism to buy and sell goods  Social Consequences – American aristocrats gain more control over the colonies at the expense of small farmers and working class poor 18 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America Landscape of Mulberry plantation, South Carolina, (Library of Congress) Patterns of Society - South Patterns of Society - South  Few southern plantations; most modest farms with few or no slaves  Yeoman farmers worked side-by-side worked side-by-side w/slaves w/slaves  Profits varied widely from year to year from year to year  Plantations strived for self-sufficiency for self-sufficiency 19

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America Patterns of Society Patterns of Society –Plantation Slavery  Slave Culture  Developed an independent culture based on African tradition, family, and religion, mixed with some white culture  Extended family networks created if families split  Mulatto children not recognized by fathers; accepted as slaves  Stono Rebellion – 1739 SC  Slaves upset with brutal treatment and rise up against white slave-owners (usually used passive resistance like running away) 20 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

21 African Population as a Proportion of Total Population, c. 1775

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America Patterns of Society Patterns of Society –The Puritan Community  Social unit based on the town  Land – each family got land; split up among sons  More divisions = spread of Puritans looking for more land  Generational Conflict – sons wanted more land, so they went against authority of both their family and their town 22 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America 23 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The New England Town: Sudbury, MA, 17 th century

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America Patterns of Society Patterns of Society –The Witchcraft Phenomenon  Salem Witch Trials – tensions arose in communities, like Salem, where young girls accused people of witchcraft  Mostly women; some rich, some poor, but usually seen as dissenters of the community  19 women eventually killed for it  Girls later recanted their accusations accusations The Witch House, Salem, Massachusetts (Royalty-Free / CORBIS) 24 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America Patterns of Society Patterns of Society –Cities  Small, compared to now  Markets for commerce and farm goods  Inequality of wealth evident  Social problems in densely populated areas 25 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America Awakenings and Enlightenments Awakenings and Enlightenments –The Pattern of Religions  Religious toleration – only b/c it was impossible to have one dominant religion  EFFECT: importance of religion declines in 17 th century –The Great Awakening  Religious revival to stem religious decline in 1730s-1740s  Grace available to all who renewed relationship with God  John and Charles Wesley,. George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards  Denominations divided into traditional old lights and revivalist new lights 26 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Three: Society and Culture in Provincial America Awakenings and Enlightenments Awakenings and Enlightenments –The Enlightenment  Reason and scientific inquiry led to progress  Undermined traditional authority –Education  High White Literacy Rates  Liberal Curricula – secular teachings –The Spread of Science  Smallpox Inoculation – Cotton Mather –Concepts of Law and Politics  Colonial Governments  Thinkers  Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, James Madison 27 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. SOURCE 2: YXVsdGRvbWFpbnxtcnNhYnJhbWVpdHNjbGFzc3Jvb218Z3 g6MThkYTM2N2QyZDlkYzUxYg