■Essential Question ■Essential Question: What are the similarities & differences among the Spanish, French, Dutch & British patterns of colonization in America? ■Warm-Up Questions ■Warm-Up Questions: –What key changes in Europe took place in the 15 th & 16 th centuries that allowed for overseas colonization? –How did European exploration in America impact native peoples?

Motivations for Exploration ■During the Renaissance, a desire for new trade routes to Asia led to an Age of Exploration: –Led by Spain & Portugal, explorers found new trade routes, colonies, & people to Christianize –Colonization in North America led to destruction of Indian culture, permanent settlements for whites, & wealth for European nations

Motivation & Means of Exploration Key Motivation of Explorers: A search for new knowledge (Renaissance) The 3 “Gs”: 1.GOLD: A desire for wealth, new markets for trade, a desire to escape poverty in Europe 2.GLORY: A desire by European kings to develop large overseas empires or for individual explorers to make a name for themselves 3.GOD: A desire by European Christians (Catholics) to convert people to their faith Means: Better ships (caravels) Better navigation tools: 1.Astrolabe & sextant 2.Magnetic compass 3.Maps with longitude & latitude

Voyages of European Exploration

Four Key Explorers Vasco da Gama found India by sailing around Africa Christopher Columbus “discovered” America looking for a westward route to India Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe Samuel Champlain founded Quebec after failing to find a NW passage to India

■They... brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawks' bells. They willingly traded everything they owned.... They were well-built, with good bodies and handsome features.... They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are made of cane.... They would make fine servants.... With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want. ■As soon as I arrived in the Indies, on the first Island which I found, I took some of the natives by force in order that they might learn and might give me information of whatever there is in these parts. ■But too many of the slaves died in captivity. And so Columbus, desperate to pay back dividends to those who had invested, had to make good his promise to fill the ships with gold. In the province of Cicao on Haiti, where he and his men imagined huge gold fields to exist, they ordered all persons fourteen years or older to collect a certain quantity of gold every three months. When they brought it, they were given copper tokens to hang around their necks. Indians found without a copper token had their hands cut off and bled to death.

■When it became clear that there was no gold left, the Indians were taken as slave labor on huge estates, known later as encomiendas. They were worked at a ferocious pace, and died by the thousands. By the year 1515, there were perhaps fifty thousand Indians left. By 1550, there were five hundred. A report of the year 1650 shows none of the original Arawaks or their descendants left on the island.

This exploration led to colonies by European countries:

America Prior to the Arrival of Europeans

America Before the Europeans ■Before Columbus’ discovered America in 1492, North America was dominated Native Americans: Aztecs Incas The Aztecs (in Central America) & Incas (in South America) created large, powerful empires These empires were destroyed by the arrival of Spanish conquistadors

America Before the Europeans ■Before Columbus’ discovered America in 1492, North America was dominated Native Americans: Plains The Plains Indians were hunters & gathers but became mobile hunters after the Spanish introduced the horse into North America

America Before the Europeans ■Before Columbus’ discovered America in 1492, North America was dominated Native Americans: Eastern Woodlands The Eastern Woodlands Indians lived in small farming communities & were the first contacts with British settlers in Virginia & Massachusetts

Eastern Woodland Cultures ■Along the Atlantic Coast of North America, Native Americans lived in smaller, mobile bands: –Farming was supplemented by hunting and gathering –Eastern woodland Indians were likely the first natives to be encountered by English settlers

Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s

When Worlds Collide On the map provided, label and shade trade patterns & the regions of the world colonized by (a) Spain, (b) France, (c) England, & (d) Dutch during the Age of Exploration

Voyages of European Exploration

The Columbian Exchange ■The arrival of Europeans led to the introduction of new products between Indians & Europeans called the Columbian Exchange: –Indians introduced corn, tobacco, potatoes, peanuts to whites –Europeans introduced horses, livestock, citrus, & diseases –An estimated 90% of Indians died due to European disease

The Columbian Exchange

The Spanish Colonies in America

Spanish Colonies in North America

■Motivations: –After Columbus, Spain dominated Central & South America & the SE & SW sections of North America –Spanish conquistadors explored in search of gold & silver –Missionaries converted Native Americans to Catholicism The Spanish government encouraged converting Indians & establishing missions

Spanish Colonies in North America ■Government: Royal control –Spanish colonies were funded & controlled by the monarch –Viceroys were sent to the colonies to serve as governors ■Economy: Desire for wealth –Used Indian & African slave labor to mine gold & silver –Built encomiendas (plantations) to farm cash crops

Spanish Colonies in North America ■Society: Strictly controlled –Viceroys were sent to rule –Creoles were white colonists living in Spanish colonies; had opportunities for land & wealth –The lack of women led to inter-marriage with Indians & a mixed-race population (mestizos) –Indians & African slaves made up the bottom of society

The French Colonies in America

French Colonies in North America

■Motivations: –After Champlain’s attempt to find a NW passage through Canada, he founded Quebec –The “French crescent” included Canada, the Mississippi River, & New Orleans –Missionaries converted Native Americans to Catholicism Like Spain, the French gov’t encouraged converting Indians & establishing missions

French Colonies in North America ■Government: Royal control –The French colonies were strictly controlled by royal governors ■Economy: Desire for fur trade –Most French colonists profited from the fur trade, small-scale farming, or lumbering ■Society: Friendly with Indians –Because the French needed furs, they were the most friendly with the local Native Americans

Dutch Colonies in North America

■Motivations: –The Dutch established New Amsterdam as a trade center ■Political, Economic, Social: –To attract settlers, the gov’t allowed anyone to immigrate –As a result, New Amsterdam was one of the most diverse colonies in North America

The English Colonies in America

The English Colonies ■In the 1600s, English settlers arrived in North America –English colonization differed from Spanish & French because the English gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World –Different motivations by English settlers led to different types of colonies

Migrating to the English Colonies ■17 th century England faced major social changes: –The most significantly was a boom in population; Competition for land, food, jobs led to a large mobile population (vagrants?) –People had choices: could move to cities, Ireland, Netherlands, or America (but this was most expensive & dangerous)

British Colonies in North America

■Motivations: Many different reasons – Economic: Escape poverty or gain wealth from cash crop farming –Religious: For religious freedom & to escape religious persecution – Political: Fear during the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution ■ As a result, the British colonies were very different from each other & were never very unified

British Colonies in North America ■Government: –The colonies differed from French & Spanish because the British gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in America –Britain developed a policy called salutary neglect in which the colonists could create local laws & taxes in their colonial assemblies –Royal governors were sent by the king, but they had little power

British Colonies in North America ■Economy & Society: –The societies & economies of the British colonies were dependent upon the reasons people settled Southern colonies, like Virginia, had cash crop economies, large gaps between rich & poor farmers, & slave labor New England colonies, like Massachusetts, were closely connected by religion & families & were mostly subsistence farmers who had little desire to make money Unlike the Spanish & French, the British colonists never made sweeping attempts to convert, marry, or trade with local Native Americans, although conflicts over land were common

By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France had large territorial claims in North America (but these colonies were not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims) These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native Americans already living there The Spanish & French adopted Frontiers of Inclusion while the British used Frontiers of Exclusion

Advantages for long-term colonization Disadvantages for long-term colonization Spain France England

Closure Activity ■In order to review the Spanish, French, Dutch, & British colonies, students will be presented with a series of “potential immigrants” to North America. For each person: –Determine the best colonial region for that person to move to –Provide a brief explanation that supports your decision

Potential Immigrant: A poor, unmarried man looking to make his fortune

Potential Immigrant: A person with very religious beliefs

Potential Immigrant: A woman looking for new opportunities in America

Potential Immigrant: A person looking for political freedom & the ability help make laws

Potential Immigrant: A Native American looking for freedom from European control

Potential Immigrant: A person who enjoys living “where the action is” (a place where something exciting is always happening)

Potential Immigrant: A father looking for safety & security for his family

Potential Immigrant: An entrepreneur looking for a location to open a business specializing in shipping