1. How did European exploration in America impact native peoples?
Essential Question: What are the similarities & differences among the Spanish, French, Dutch & British patterns of colonization in America?
Warm-Up Questions:
What key changes in Europe took place in the 15th & 16th centuries that allowed for overseas colonization?
How did European exploration in America impact native peoples?
1) Influences Driving Exploration
A. Christian Crusades – 11th through 14th century wars over Palestine
brought to Europe silks, drugs, perfumes, cloth and wealth – a new
route to the Orient …
B. Marco Polo – books on travels in China increased European desire
for trade
Portuguese – new navigation technology enabled trade expansion along west African coast (gold and slaves)
Reconquista: Spanish expulsion of the Moors from Iberian Peninsula
created a religious ideology of expanding the Catholic faith – used to
mask financial incentives of exploration / conquest
E. Emergence of greater Nation States/ Invasions ceased- Powers looking to solidify wealth and new sources of power and revenue

2. Motivations for Exploration
During the Renaissance, a desire for new trade routes to Asia led to an Age of Exploration:
Led by Spain & Portugal, explorers found new trade routes, colonies, & people to Christianize
Colonization in North America led to destruction of Indian culture, permanent settlements for whites, & wealth for European nations

3. Motivation & Means of Exploration
Better ships (caravels)
Better navigation tools:
Astrolabe & sextant
Magnetic compass
Maps with longitude & latitude
Key Motivation of Explorers:
A search for new knowledge (Renaissance)
The 3 “Gs”:
GOLD: A desire for wealth, new markets for trade, a desire to escape poverty in Europe
GLORY: A desire by European kings to develop large overseas empires or for individual explorers to make a name for themselves
GOD: A desire by European Christians (Catholics) to convert people to their faith

4. Voyages of European Exploration
04/06/98 16 17 17 17

5. Vasco da Gama found India by sailing around Africa
Samuel Champlain founded Quebec after failing to find a NW passage to India
Christopher Columbus “discovered” America looking for a westward route to India
Four Key Explorers
Vasco da Gama found India by sailing around Africa
Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe

6. This exploration led to colonies by European countries:

7. America Prior to the Arrival of Europeans

8. First Inhabitants: 35,000 years ago crossed land bridge connecting
Alaska and Siberia; growing body of evidence of
secondary migrations

9. Native American Tribes
A. Society Classification
1. Sedentary: permanent settlement with a division of labor
and agriculture
2. Semi-sedentary: tribes who moved according to environmental
changes – transitional agriculture with slash
and burn techniques
3. Non-sedentary: nomadic tribes who were mainly hunter and
and gatherers

11. America Before the Europeans
These empires were destroyed by the arrival of Spanish conquistadors
Before Columbus’ discovered America in 1492, North America was dominated Native Americans:
The Aztecs (in Central America) & Incas (in South America) created large, powerful empires
Aztecs dominated the peoples of central America, used a hierarchal gov’t, with polytheistic religion

12. America Before the Europeans
The Plains Indians were hunters & gathers but became mobile hunters after the Spanish introduced the horse into North America
Before Columbus’ discovered America in 1492, North America was dominated Native Americans:

13. America Before the Europeans
The Eastern Woodlands Indians lived in small farming communities & were the first contacts with British settlers in Virginia & Massachusetts
Before Columbus’ discovered America in 1492, North America was dominated Native Americans:

14. Eastern Woodland Cultures
04/06/98
Along the Atlantic Coast of North America, Native Americans lived in smaller, mobile bands:
Farming was supplemented by hunting and gathering
Eastern woodland Indians were likely the first natives to be encountered by English settlers
Linguistic differences & societies based on kinship; egalitarian methods of resolving differences (impressed Europeans with “democratic” styles of diplomacy) 4 4 4 4

15. Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
04/06/98 4 4 4 4

16. When Worlds Collide
On the map provided, label and shade trade patterns & the regions of the world colonized by (a) Spain, (b) France, (c) England, & (d) Dutch during the Age of Exploration

18. Voyages of European Exploration
04/06/98 16 17 17 17

19. The Columbian Exchange
The arrival of Europeans led to the introduction of new products between Indians & Europeans called the Columbian Exchange:
Indians introduced corn, tobacco, potatoes, peanuts to whites
Europeans introduced horses, livestock, citrus, & diseases
An estimated 90% of Indians died due to European disease

20. The Columbian Exchange

21. The Spanish Colonies in America

22. Treaty of Tordesillas – 1494 – divided Spanish and Portuguese
claims in the new world – never enforced

23. Spanish Colonies in North America

24. Spanish Colonies in North America
The Spanish government encouraged converting Indians & establishing missions
Motivations:
After Columbus, Spain dominated Central & South America & the SE & SW sections of North America
Spanish conquistadors explored in search of gold & silver
Missionaries converted Native Americans to Catholicism

25. Vasco Balboa – 1513 – Pacific Ocean via Panama isthmus

26. Ferdinand Magellan – 1519 – credited with first
circumnavigation of Earth – 5 ships left Spain – went
around Cape Horn across Pacific to the Philippines –
Magellan died enroute – 1 ship returned

27. Hernan Cortes – 1521 – Conquered Aztecs in Mexico

28. Francisco Pizarro – 1532 – Conquered the Inca empire in Peru

29. Spanish Colonies in North America
Government: Royal control
Spanish colonies were funded & controlled by the monarch
Viceroys were sent to the colonies to serve as governors
Economy: Desire for wealth
Used Indian & African slave labor to mine gold & silver
Built encomiendas (plantations) to farm cash crops

30. Spanish Colonies in North America
Society: Strictly controlled
Viceroys were sent to rule
Creoles were white colonists living in Spanish colonies; had opportunities for land & wealth
The lack of women led to inter-marriage with Indians & a mixed-race population (mestizos)
Indians & African slaves made up the bottom of society
Spanish Government had stifling strict government control of the colonies

31. The French Colonies in America

32. French Colonies in North America

33. French Colonies in North America
Like Spain, the French gov’t encouraged converting Indians & establishing missions
Motivations:
After Champlain’s attempt to find a NW passage through Canada, he founded Quebec
The “French crescent” included Canada, the Mississippi River, & New Orleans
Missionaries converted Native Americans to Catholicism
How was France similar to Spain in regards to Religion?

34. French Colonies in North America
Government: Royal control
The French colonies were strictly controlled by royal governors
Economy: Desire for fur trade
Most French colonists profited from the fur trade, small-scale farming, or lumbering
Society: Friendly with Indians
Because the French needed furs, they were the most friendly with the local Native Americans

35. Dutch Colonies in North America

36. Dutch Colonies in North America
Motivations:
The Dutch established New Amsterdam as a trade center
Political, Economic, Social:
To attract settlers, the gov’t allowed anyone to immigrate
As a result, New Amsterdam was one of the most diverse colonies in North America
We’ll mention Peter Stuyvesant and the British takeover of the Dutch colonies during the discussion of the British Middle Colonies.

37. The English Colonies in America

38. The English Colonies
In the 1600s, English settlers arrived in North America
English colonization differed from Spanish & French because the English gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World
Different motivations by English settlers led to different types of colonies

39. Migrating to the English Colonies
17th century England faced major social changes:
The most significantly was a boom in population; Competition for land, food, jobs led to a large mobile population (vagrants?)
People had choices: could move to cities, Ireland, Netherlands, or America (but this was most expensive & dangerous)

40. British Colonies in North America

41. British Colonies in North America
Motivations: Many different reasons
Economic: Escape poverty or gain wealth from cash crop farming
Religious: For religious freedom & to escape religious persecution
Political: Fear during the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution
As a result, the British colonies were very different from each other & were never very unified

42. British Colonies in North America
Government:
The colonies differed from French & Spanish because the British gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in America
Britain developed a policy called salutary neglect in which the colonists could create local laws & taxes in their colonial assemblies
Royal governors were sent by the king, but they had little power

43. British Colonies in North America
New England colonies, like Massachusetts, were closely connected by religion & families & were mostly subsistence farmers who had little desire to make money
Unlike the Spanish & French, the British colonists never made sweeping attempts to convert, marry, or trade with local Native Americans, although conflicts over land were common
Economy & Society:
The societies & economies of the British colonies were dependent upon the reasons people settled
Southern colonies, like Virginia, had cash crop economies, large gaps between rich & poor farmers, & slave labor

44. The Spanish & French adopted Frontiers of Inclusion while the British used Frontiers of Exclusion
By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France had large territorial claims in North America (but these colonies were not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims)
These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native Americans already living there

45. END CHAPTER 1

46. Advantages for long-term colonization
Disadvantages for long-term colonization
Spain
France
England

47. Closure Activity
In order to review the Spanish, French, Dutch, & British colonies, students will be presented with a series of “potential immigrants” to North America. For each person:
Determine the best colonial region for that person to move to
Provide a brief explanation that supports your decision
This activity would work well with student pairs or groups of three

48. Potential Immigrant: A poor, unmarried man looking to make his fortune

49. Potential Immigrant: A person with very religious beliefs

50. Potential Immigrant: A woman looking for new opportunities in America

51. Potential Immigrant: A person looking for political freedom & the ability help make laws

52. Potential Immigrant: A Native American looking for freedom from European control

53. Potential Immigrant: A person who enjoys living “where the action is” (a place where something exciting is always happening)

54. Potential Immigrant: A father looking for safety & security for his family

55. Potential Immigrant: An entrepreneur looking for a location to open a business specializing in shipping